Social Science Passage 1 – Outschool

Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate, was wandering aimlessly through a party thrown in his honor when he was accosted by a family friend named McGuire.

“I just want to say one word to you,” he said ominously. “Just one word.”

The word? Plastics.

(5) “There’s a great future in plastics,” McGuire told an unenthusiastic Braddock. “Think about it.”

The year was 1967, and “The Graduate” was winning over movie audiences and critics alike. The tale of Braddock’s post-graduation hijinks and soul searching was a box office hit that earned several Academy Award nominations and a win for director Mike Nichols.

McGuire was right—there was a bright future in plastics, but there was also a price. Fifty years later, new research documents that humans have created 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics since large-scale production began in the early 1950s, and most of it now resides in landfills or the natural environment, according to a study published in the journal Science Advances.

(11) Led by a team of scientists from the University of Georgia, the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the Sea Education Association (SEA), the study is the first global analysis of the production, use and fate of all plastics ever made.

The researchers found that by 2015, humans had generated 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics, 6.3 billon tons of which had already become waste. Of that waste total, only 9 percent was recycled, 12 percent was incinerated and 79 percent accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.

(16) If current trends continue, roughly 12 billion metric tons of plastic waste will be in landfills or the natural environment by 2050. Twelve billion metric tons is about 35,000 times as heavy as the Empire State Building.

“Most plastics don’t biodegrade in any meaningful sense, so the plastic waste humans have generated could be with us for hundreds or even thousands of years,” said Jenna Jambeck, study co-author and associate professor of engineering at UGA. “Our estimates underscore the need to think critically about the materials we use and our waste management practices.”

(21) The scientists compiled production statistics for resins, fibers and additives from a variety of industry sources and synthesized them according to type and consuming sector.

Global production of plastics increased from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to over 400 million metric tons in 2015, according to the study, outgrowing most other man-made materials. Notable exceptions are materials that are used extensively in the construction sector, such as steel and cement.

(26) But while steel and cement are used primarily for construction, plastics’ largest market is packaging, and most of those products are used once and discarded.

“Roughly half of all the steel we make goes into construction, so it will have decades of use—plastic is the opposite,” said Roland Geyer, lead author of the paper and associate professor in UCSB’s Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. “Half of all plastics become waste after four or fewer years of use.”

(31) And the pace of plastic production shows no signs of slowing. Of the total amount of plastics produced from 1950 to 2015, roughly half was produced in just the last 13 years.

The researchers are quick to caution that they do not seek the total removal of plastic from the marketplace, but rather a more critical examination of plastic use and its end-of-life value.

(35) “There are areas where plastics are indispensable, especially in products designed for durability,” said paper co-author Kara Lavender Law, a research professor at SEA. “But I think we need to take a careful look at our expansive use of plastics and ask when the use of these materials does or does not make sense.”

The same team of researchers led a 2015 study published in the journal Science that calculated the magnitude of plastic waste going into the ocean. They estimated that 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the oceans in 2010.

(40) “There are people alive today who remember a world without plastics,” Jambeck said. “But they have become so ubiquitous that you can’t go anywhere without finding plastic waste in our environment, including our oceans.”

The main idea of the article is that:

Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate, was wandering aimlessly through a party thrown in his honor when he was accosted by a family friend named McGuire.

“I just want to say one word to you,” he said ominously. “Just one word.”

The word? Plastics.

(5) “There’s a great future in plastics,” McGuire told an unenthusiastic Braddock. “Think about it.”

The year was 1967, and “The Graduate” was winning over movie audiences and critics alike. The tale of Braddock’s post-graduation hijinks and soul searching was a box office hit that earned several Academy Award nominations and a win for director Mike Nichols.

McGuire was right—there was a bright future in plastics, but there was also a price. Fifty years later, new research documents that humans have created 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics since large-scale production began in the early 1950s, and most of it now resides in landfills or the natural environment, according to a study published in the journal Science Advances.

(11) Led by a team of scientists from the University of Georgia, the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the Sea Education Association (SEA), the study is the first global analysis of the production, use and fate of all plastics ever made.

The researchers found that by 2015, humans had generated 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics, 6.3 billon tons of which had already become waste. Of that waste total, only 9 percent was recycled, 12 percent was incinerated and 79 percent accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.

(16) If current trends continue, roughly 12 billion metric tons of plastic waste will be in landfills or the natural environment by 2050. Twelve billion metric tons is about 35,000 times as heavy as the Empire State Building.

“Most plastics don’t biodegrade in any meaningful sense, so the plastic waste humans have generated could be with us for hundreds or even thousands of years,” said Jenna Jambeck, study co-author and associate professor of engineering at UGA. “Our estimates underscore the need to think critically about the materials we use and our waste management practices.”

(21) The scientists compiled production statistics for resins, fibers and additives from a variety of industry sources and synthesized them according to type and consuming sector.

Global production of plastics increased from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to over 400 million metric tons in 2015, according to the study, outgrowing most other man-made materials. Notable exceptions are materials that are used extensively in the construction sector, such as steel and cement.

(26) But while steel and cement are used primarily for construction, plastics’ largest market is packaging, and most of those products are used once and discarded.

“Roughly half of all the steel we make goes into construction, so it will have decades of use—plastic is the opposite,” said Roland Geyer, lead author of the paper and associate professor in UCSB’s Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. “Half of all plastics become waste after four or fewer years of use.”

(31) And the pace of plastic production shows no signs of slowing. Of the total amount of plastics produced from 1950 to 2015, roughly half was produced in just the last 13 years.

The researchers are quick to caution that they do not seek the total removal of plastic from the marketplace, but rather a more critical examination of plastic use and its end-of-life value.

(35) “There are areas where plastics are indispensable, especially in products designed for durability,” said paper co-author Kara Lavender Law, a research professor at SEA. “But I think we need to take a careful look at our expansive use of plastics and ask when the use of these materials does or does not make sense.”

The same team of researchers led a 2015 study published in the journal Science that calculated the magnitude of plastic waste going into the ocean. They estimated that 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the oceans in 2010.

(40) “There are people alive today who remember a world without plastics,” Jambeck said. “But they have become so ubiquitous that you can’t go anywhere without finding plastic waste in our environment, including our oceans.”

The writer uses which of the following literary techniques in the first four paragraphs (lines 1–5) as an introduction for the article? 

Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate, was wandering aimlessly through a party thrown in his honor when he was accosted by a family friend named McGuire.

“I just want to say one word to you,” he said ominously. “Just one word.”

The word? Plastics.

(5) “There’s a great future in plastics,” McGuire told an unenthusiastic Braddock. “Think about it.”

The year was 1967, and “The Graduate” was winning over movie audiences and critics alike. The tale of Braddock’s post-graduation hijinks and soul searching was a box office hit that earned several Academy Award nominations and a win for director Mike Nichols.

McGuire was right—there was a bright future in plastics, but there was also a price. Fifty years later, new research documents that humans have created 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics since large-scale production began in the early 1950s, and most of it now resides in landfills or the natural environment, according to a study published in the journal Science Advances.

(11) Led by a team of scientists from the University of Georgia, the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the Sea Education Association (SEA), the study is the first global analysis of the production, use and fate of all plastics ever made.

The researchers found that by 2015, humans had generated 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics, 6.3 billon tons of which had already become waste. Of that waste total, only 9 percent was recycled, 12 percent was incinerated and 79 percent accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.

(16) If current trends continue, roughly 12 billion metric tons of plastic waste will be in landfills or the natural environment by 2050. Twelve billion metric tons is about 35,000 times as heavy as the Empire State Building.

“Most plastics don’t biodegrade in any meaningful sense, so the plastic waste humans have generated could be with us for hundreds or even thousands of years,” said Jenna Jambeck, study co-author and associate professor of engineering at UGA. “Our estimates underscore the need to think critically about the materials we use and our waste management practices.”

(21) The scientists compiled production statistics for resins, fibers and additives from a variety of industry sources and synthesized them according to type and consuming sector.

Global production of plastics increased from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to over 400 million metric tons in 2015, according to the study, outgrowing most other man-made materials. Notable exceptions are materials that are used extensively in the construction sector, such as steel and cement.

(26) But while steel and cement are used primarily for construction, plastics’ largest market is packaging, and most of those products are used once and discarded.

“Roughly half of all the steel we make goes into construction, so it will have decades of use—plastic is the opposite,” said Roland Geyer, lead author of the paper and associate professor in UCSB’s Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. “Half of all plastics become waste after four or fewer years of use.”

(31) And the pace of plastic production shows no signs of slowing. Of the total amount of plastics produced from 1950 to 2015, roughly half was produced in just the last 13 years.

The researchers are quick to caution that they do not seek the total removal of plastic from the marketplace, but rather a more critical examination of plastic use and its end-of-life value.

(35) “There are areas where plastics are indispensable, especially in products designed for durability,” said paper co-author Kara Lavender Law, a research professor at SEA. “But I think we need to take a careful look at our expansive use of plastics and ask when the use of these materials does or does not make sense.”

The same team of researchers led a 2015 study published in the journal Science that calculated the magnitude of plastic waste going into the ocean. They estimated that 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the oceans in 2010.

(40) “There are people alive today who remember a world without plastics,” Jambeck said. “But they have become so ubiquitous that you can’t go anywhere without finding plastic waste in our environment, including our oceans.”

It can reasonably be inferred from the eighth paragraph (lines 13–15) that what fraction of plastics produced has already become waste?

Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate, was wandering aimlessly through a party thrown in his honor when he was accosted by a family friend named McGuire.

“I just want to say one word to you,” he said ominously. “Just one word.”

The word? Plastics.

(5) “There’s a great future in plastics,” McGuire told an unenthusiastic Braddock. “Think about it.”

The year was 1967, and “The Graduate” was winning over movie audiences and critics alike. The tale of Braddock’s post-graduation hijinks and soul searching was a box office hit that earned several Academy Award nominations and a win for director Mike Nichols.

McGuire was right—there was a bright future in plastics, but there was also a price. Fifty years later, new research documents that humans have created 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics since large-scale production began in the early 1950s, and most of it now resides in landfills or the natural environment, according to a study published in the journal Science Advances.

(11) Led by a team of scientists from the University of Georgia, the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the Sea Education Association (SEA), the study is the first global analysis of the production, use and fate of all plastics ever made.

The researchers found that by 2015, humans had generated 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics, 6.3 billon tons of which had already become waste. Of that waste total, only 9 percent was recycled, 12 percent was incinerated and 79 percent accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.

(16) If current trends continue, roughly 12 billion metric tons of plastic waste will be in landfills or the natural environment by 2050. Twelve billion metric tons is about 35,000 times as heavy as the Empire State Building.

“Most plastics don’t biodegrade in any meaningful sense, so the plastic waste humans have generated could be with us for hundreds or even thousands of years,” said Jenna Jambeck, study co-author and associate professor of engineering at UGA. “Our estimates underscore the need to think critically about the materials we use and our waste management practices.”

(21) The scientists compiled production statistics for resins, fibers and additives from a variety of industry sources and synthesized them according to type and consuming sector.

Global production of plastics increased from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to over 400 million metric tons in 2015, according to the study, outgrowing most other man-made materials. Notable exceptions are materials that are used extensively in the construction sector, such as steel and cement.

(26) But while steel and cement are used primarily for construction, plastics’ largest market is packaging, and most of those products are used once and discarded.

“Roughly half of all the steel we make goes into construction, so it will have decades of use—plastic is the opposite,” said Roland Geyer, lead author of the paper and associate professor in UCSB’s Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. “Half of all plastics become waste after four or fewer years of use.”

(31) And the pace of plastic production shows no signs of slowing. Of the total amount of plastics produced from 1950 to 2015, roughly half was produced in just the last 13 years.

The researchers are quick to caution that they do not seek the total removal of plastic from the marketplace, but rather a more critical examination of plastic use and its end-of-life value.

(35) “There are areas where plastics are indispensable, especially in products designed for durability,” said paper co-author Kara Lavender Law, a research professor at SEA. “But I think we need to take a careful look at our expansive use of plastics and ask when the use of these materials does or does not make sense.”

The same team of researchers led a 2015 study published in the journal Science that calculated the magnitude of plastic waste going into the ocean. They estimated that 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the oceans in 2010.

(40) “There are people alive today who remember a world without plastics,” Jambeck said. “But they have become so ubiquitous that you can’t go anywhere without finding plastic waste in our environment, including our oceans.”

The article states that, if trends continue, the amount of plastic waste that will either be in landfills or in the natural environment by 2050 will be approximately equal to:

Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate, was wandering aimlessly through a party thrown in his honor when he was accosted by a family friend named McGuire.

“I just want to say one word to you,” he said ominously. “Just one word.”

The word? Plastics.

(5) “There’s a great future in plastics,” McGuire told an unenthusiastic Braddock. “Think about it.”

The year was 1967, and “The Graduate” was winning over movie audiences and critics alike. The tale of Braddock’s post-graduation hijinks and soul searching was a box office hit that earned several Academy Award nominations and a win for director Mike Nichols.

McGuire was right—there was a bright future in plastics, but there was also a price. Fifty years later, new research documents that humans have created 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics since large-scale production began in the early 1950s, and most of it now resides in landfills or the natural environment, according to a study published in the journal Science Advances.

(11) Led by a team of scientists from the University of Georgia, the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the Sea Education Association (SEA), the study is the first global analysis of the production, use and fate of all plastics ever made.

The researchers found that by 2015, humans had generated 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics, 6.3 billon tons of which had already become waste. Of that waste total, only 9 percent was recycled, 12 percent was incinerated and 79 percent accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.

(16) If current trends continue, roughly 12 billion metric tons of plastic waste will be in landfills or the natural environment by 2050. Twelve billion metric tons is about 35,000 times as heavy as the Empire State Building.

“Most plastics don’t biodegrade in any meaningful sense, so the plastic waste humans have generated could be with us for hundreds or even thousands of years,” said Jenna Jambeck, study co-author and associate professor of engineering at UGA. “Our estimates underscore the need to think critically about the materials we use and our waste management practices.”

(21) The scientists compiled production statistics for resins, fibers and additives from a variety of industry sources and synthesized them according to type and consuming sector.

Global production of plastics increased from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to over 400 million metric tons in 2015, according to the study, outgrowing most other man-made materials. Notable exceptions are materials that are used extensively in the construction sector, such as steel and cement.

(26) But while steel and cement are used primarily for construction, plastics’ largest market is packaging, and most of those products are used once and discarded.

“Roughly half of all the steel we make goes into construction, so it will have decades of use—plastic is the opposite,” said Roland Geyer, lead author of the paper and associate professor in UCSB’s Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. “Half of all plastics become waste after four or fewer years of use.”

(31) And the pace of plastic production shows no signs of slowing. Of the total amount of plastics produced from 1950 to 2015, roughly half was produced in just the last 13 years.

The researchers are quick to caution that they do not seek the total removal of plastic from the marketplace, but rather a more critical examination of plastic use and its end-of-life value.

(35) “There are areas where plastics are indispensable, especially in products designed for durability,” said paper co-author Kara Lavender Law, a research professor at SEA. “But I think we need to take a careful look at our expansive use of plastics and ask when the use of these materials does or does not make sense.”

The same team of researchers led a 2015 study published in the journal Science that calculated the magnitude of plastic waste going into the ocean. They estimated that 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the oceans in 2010.

(40) “There are people alive today who remember a world without plastics,” Jambeck said. “But they have become so ubiquitous that you can’t go anywhere without finding plastic waste in our environment, including our oceans.”

Which of the following statements characterizes the rate at which plastics biodegrade?

Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate, was wandering aimlessly through a party thrown in his honor when he was accosted by a family friend named McGuire.

“I just want to say one word to you,” he said ominously. “Just one word.”

The word? Plastics.

(5) “There’s a great future in plastics,” McGuire told an unenthusiastic Braddock. “Think about it.”

The year was 1967, and “The Graduate” was winning over movie audiences and critics alike. The tale of Braddock’s post-graduation hijinks and soul searching was a box office hit that earned several Academy Award nominations and a win for director Mike Nichols.

McGuire was right—there was a bright future in plastics, but there was also a price. Fifty years later, new research documents that humans have created 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics since large-scale production began in the early 1950s, and most of it now resides in landfills or the natural environment, according to a study published in the journal Science Advances.

(11) Led by a team of scientists from the University of Georgia, the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the Sea Education Association (SEA), the study is the first global analysis of the production, use and fate of all plastics ever made.

The researchers found that by 2015, humans had generated 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics, 6.3 billon tons of which had already become waste. Of that waste total, only 9 percent was recycled, 12 percent was incinerated and 79 percent accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.

(16) If current trends continue, roughly 12 billion metric tons of plastic waste will be in landfills or the natural environment by 2050. Twelve billion metric tons is about 35,000 times as heavy as the Empire State Building.

“Most plastics don’t biodegrade in any meaningful sense, so the plastic waste humans have generated could be with us for hundreds or even thousands of years,” said Jenna Jambeck, study co-author and associate professor of engineering at UGA. “Our estimates underscore the need to think critically about the materials we use and our waste management practices.”

(21) The scientists compiled production statistics for resins, fibers and additives from a variety of industry sources and synthesized them according to type and consuming sector.

Global production of plastics increased from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to over 400 million metric tons in 2015, according to the study, outgrowing most other man-made materials. Notable exceptions are materials that are used extensively in the construction sector, such as steel and cement.

(26) But while steel and cement are used primarily for construction, plastics’ largest market is packaging, and most of those products are used once and discarded.

“Roughly half of all the steel we make goes into construction, so it will have decades of use—plastic is the opposite,” said Roland Geyer, lead author of the paper and associate professor in UCSB’s Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. “Half of all plastics become waste after four or fewer years of use.”

(31) And the pace of plastic production shows no signs of slowing. Of the total amount of plastics produced from 1950 to 2015, roughly half was produced in just the last 13 years.

The researchers are quick to caution that they do not seek the total removal of plastic from the marketplace, but rather a more critical examination of plastic use and its end-of-life value.

(35) “There are areas where plastics are indispensable, especially in products designed for durability,” said paper co-author Kara Lavender Law, a research professor at SEA. “But I think we need to take a careful look at our expansive use of plastics and ask when the use of these materials does or does not make sense.”

The same team of researchers led a 2015 study published in the journal Science that calculated the magnitude of plastic waste going into the ocean. They estimated that 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the oceans in 2010.

(40) “There are people alive today who remember a world without plastics,” Jambeck said. “But they have become so ubiquitous that you can’t go anywhere without finding plastic waste in our environment, including our oceans.”

According to the article, the largest market for plastics is:

Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate, was wandering aimlessly through a party thrown in his honor when he was accosted by a family friend named McGuire.

“I just want to say one word to you,” he said ominously. “Just one word.”

The word? Plastics.

(5) “There’s a great future in plastics,” McGuire told an unenthusiastic Braddock. “Think about it.”

The year was 1967, and “The Graduate” was winning over movie audiences and critics alike. The tale of Braddock’s post-graduation hijinks and soul searching was a box office hit that earned several Academy Award nominations and a win for director Mike Nichols.

McGuire was right—there was a bright future in plastics, but there was also a price. Fifty years later, new research documents that humans have created 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics since large-scale production began in the early 1950s, and most of it now resides in landfills or the natural environment, according to a study published in the journal Science Advances.

(11) Led by a team of scientists from the University of Georgia, the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the Sea Education Association (SEA), the study is the first global analysis of the production, use and fate of all plastics ever made.

The researchers found that by 2015, humans had generated 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics, 6.3 billon tons of which had already become waste. Of that waste total, only 9 percent was recycled, 12 percent was incinerated and 79 percent accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.

(16) If current trends continue, roughly 12 billion metric tons of plastic waste will be in landfills or the natural environment by 2050. Twelve billion metric tons is about 35,000 times as heavy as the Empire State Building.

“Most plastics don’t biodegrade in any meaningful sense, so the plastic waste humans have generated could be with us for hundreds or even thousands of years,” said Jenna Jambeck, study co-author and associate professor of engineering at UGA. “Our estimates underscore the need to think critically about the materials we use and our waste management practices.”

(21) The scientists compiled production statistics for resins, fibers and additives from a variety of industry sources and synthesized them according to type and consuming sector.

Global production of plastics increased from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to over 400 million metric tons in 2015, according to the study, outgrowing most other man-made materials. Notable exceptions are materials that are used extensively in the construction sector, such as steel and cement.

(26) But while steel and cement are used primarily for construction, plastics’ largest market is packaging, and most of those products are used once and discarded.

“Roughly half of all the steel we make goes into construction, so it will have decades of use—plastic is the opposite,” said Roland Geyer, lead author of the paper and associate professor in UCSB’s Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. “Half of all plastics become waste after four or fewer years of use.”

(31) And the pace of plastic production shows no signs of slowing. Of the total amount of plastics produced from 1950 to 2015, roughly half was produced in just the last 13 years.

The researchers are quick to caution that they do not seek the total removal of plastic from the marketplace, but rather a more critical examination of plastic use and its end-of-life value.

(35) “There are areas where plastics are indispensable, especially in products designed for durability,” said paper co-author Kara Lavender Law, a research professor at SEA. “But I think we need to take a careful look at our expansive use of plastics and ask when the use of these materials does or does not make sense.”

The same team of researchers led a 2015 study published in the journal Science that calculated the magnitude of plastic waste going into the ocean. They estimated that 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the oceans in 2010.

(40) “There are people alive today who remember a world without plastics,” Jambeck said. “But they have become so ubiquitous that you can’t go anywhere without finding plastic waste in our environment, including our oceans.”

According to the article, when contrasted with plastics, roughly half of manufactured steel will have:

Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate, was wandering aimlessly through a party thrown in his honor when he was accosted by a family friend named McGuire.

“I just want to say one word to you,” he said ominously. “Just one word.”

The word? Plastics.

(5) “There’s a great future in plastics,” McGuire told an unenthusiastic Braddock. “Think about it.”

The year was 1967, and “The Graduate” was winning over movie audiences and critics alike. The tale of Braddock’s post-graduation hijinks and soul searching was a box office hit that earned several Academy Award nominations and a win for director Mike Nichols.

McGuire was right—there was a bright future in plastics, but there was also a price. Fifty years later, new research documents that humans have created 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics since large-scale production began in the early 1950s, and most of it now resides in landfills or the natural environment, according to a study published in the journal Science Advances.

(11) Led by a team of scientists from the University of Georgia, the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the Sea Education Association (SEA), the study is the first global analysis of the production, use and fate of all plastics ever made.

The researchers found that by 2015, humans had generated 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics, 6.3 billon tons of which had already become waste. Of that waste total, only 9 percent was recycled, 12 percent was incinerated and 79 percent accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.

(16) If current trends continue, roughly 12 billion metric tons of plastic waste will be in landfills or the natural environment by 2050. Twelve billion metric tons is about 35,000 times as heavy as the Empire State Building.

“Most plastics don’t biodegrade in any meaningful sense, so the plastic waste humans have generated could be with us for hundreds or even thousands of years,” said Jenna Jambeck, study co-author and associate professor of engineering at UGA. “Our estimates underscore the need to think critically about the materials we use and our waste management practices.”

(21) The scientists compiled production statistics for resins, fibers and additives from a variety of industry sources and synthesized them according to type and consuming sector.

Global production of plastics increased from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to over 400 million metric tons in 2015, according to the study, outgrowing most other man-made materials. Notable exceptions are materials that are used extensively in the construction sector, such as steel and cement.

(26) But while steel and cement are used primarily for construction, plastics’ largest market is packaging, and most of those products are used once and discarded.

“Roughly half of all the steel we make goes into construction, so it will have decades of use—plastic is the opposite,” said Roland Geyer, lead author of the paper and associate professor in UCSB’s Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. “Half of all plastics become waste after four or fewer years of use.”

(31) And the pace of plastic production shows no signs of slowing. Of the total amount of plastics produced from 1950 to 2015, roughly half was produced in just the last 13 years.

The researchers are quick to caution that they do not seek the total removal of plastic from the marketplace, but rather a more critical examination of plastic use and its end-of-life value.

(35) “There are areas where plastics are indispensable, especially in products designed for durability,” said paper co-author Kara Lavender Law, a research professor at SEA. “But I think we need to take a careful look at our expansive use of plastics and ask when the use of these materials does or does not make sense.”

The same team of researchers led a 2015 study published in the journal Science that calculated the magnitude of plastic waste going into the ocean. They estimated that 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the oceans in 2010.

(40) “There are people alive today who remember a world without plastics,” Jambeck said. “But they have become so ubiquitous that you can’t go anywhere without finding plastic waste in our environment, including our oceans.”

The article most strongly suggests that plastics are best used:

Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate, was wandering aimlessly through a party thrown in his honor when he was accosted by a family friend named McGuire.

“I just want to say one word to you,” he said ominously. “Just one word.”

The word? Plastics.

(5) “There’s a great future in plastics,” McGuire told an unenthusiastic Braddock. “Think about it.”

The year was 1967, and “The Graduate” was winning over movie audiences and critics alike. The tale of Braddock’s post-graduation hijinks and soul searching was a box office hit that earned several Academy Award nominations and a win for director Mike Nichols.

McGuire was right—there was a bright future in plastics, but there was also a price. Fifty years later, new research documents that humans have created 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics since large-scale production began in the early 1950s, and most of it now resides in landfills or the natural environment, according to a study published in the journal Science Advances.

(11) Led by a team of scientists from the University of Georgia, the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the Sea Education Association (SEA), the study is the first global analysis of the production, use and fate of all plastics ever made.

The researchers found that by 2015, humans had generated 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics, 6.3 billon tons of which had already become waste. Of that waste total, only 9 percent was recycled, 12 percent was incinerated and 79 percent accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.

(16) If current trends continue, roughly 12 billion metric tons of plastic waste will be in landfills or the natural environment by 2050. Twelve billion metric tons is about 35,000 times as heavy as the Empire State Building.

“Most plastics don’t biodegrade in any meaningful sense, so the plastic waste humans have generated could be with us for hundreds or even thousands of years,” said Jenna Jambeck, study co-author and associate professor of engineering at UGA. “Our estimates underscore the need to think critically about the materials we use and our waste management practices.”

(21) The scientists compiled production statistics for resins, fibers and additives from a variety of industry sources and synthesized them according to type and consuming sector.

Global production of plastics increased from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to over 400 million metric tons in 2015, according to the study, outgrowing most other man-made materials. Notable exceptions are materials that are used extensively in the construction sector, such as steel and cement.

(26) But while steel and cement are used primarily for construction, plastics’ largest market is packaging, and most of those products are used once and discarded.

“Roughly half of all the steel we make goes into construction, so it will have decades of use—plastic is the opposite,” said Roland Geyer, lead author of the paper and associate professor in UCSB’s Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. “Half of all plastics become waste after four or fewer years of use.”

(31) And the pace of plastic production shows no signs of slowing. Of the total amount of plastics produced from 1950 to 2015, roughly half was produced in just the last 13 years.

The researchers are quick to caution that they do not seek the total removal of plastic from the marketplace, but rather a more critical examination of plastic use and its end-of-life value.

(35) “There are areas where plastics are indispensable, especially in products designed for durability,” said paper co-author Kara Lavender Law, a research professor at SEA. “But I think we need to take a careful look at our expansive use of plastics and ask when the use of these materials does or does not make sense.”

The same team of researchers led a 2015 study published in the journal Science that calculated the magnitude of plastic waste going into the ocean. They estimated that 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the oceans in 2010.

(40) “There are people alive today who remember a world without plastics,” Jambeck said. “But they have become so ubiquitous that you can’t go anywhere without finding plastic waste in our environment, including our oceans.”

The primary function of the quote “There are people alive today who remember a world without plastics”  (line 40) is to:

Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate, was wandering aimlessly through a party thrown in his honor when he was accosted by a family friend named McGuire.

“I just want to say one word to you,” he said ominously. “Just one word.”

The word? Plastics.

(5) “There’s a great future in plastics,” McGuire told an unenthusiastic Braddock. “Think about it.”

The year was 1967, and “The Graduate” was winning over movie audiences and critics alike. The tale of Braddock’s post-graduation hijinks and soul searching was a box office hit that earned several Academy Award nominations and a win for director Mike Nichols.

McGuire was right—there was a bright future in plastics, but there was also a price. Fifty years later, new research documents that humans have created 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics since large-scale production began in the early 1950s, and most of it now resides in landfills or the natural environment, according to a study published in the journal Science Advances.

(11) Led by a team of scientists from the University of Georgia, the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the Sea Education Association (SEA), the study is the first global analysis of the production, use and fate of all plastics ever made.

The researchers found that by 2015, humans had generated 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics, 6.3 billon tons of which had already become waste. Of that waste total, only 9 percent was recycled, 12 percent was incinerated and 79 percent accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.

(16) If current trends continue, roughly 12 billion metric tons of plastic waste will be in landfills or the natural environment by 2050. Twelve billion metric tons is about 35,000 times as heavy as the Empire State Building.

“Most plastics don’t biodegrade in any meaningful sense, so the plastic waste humans have generated could be with us for hundreds or even thousands of years,” said Jenna Jambeck, study co-author and associate professor of engineering at UGA. “Our estimates underscore the need to think critically about the materials we use and our waste management practices.”

(21) The scientists compiled production statistics for resins, fibers and additives from a variety of industry sources and synthesized them according to type and consuming sector.

Global production of plastics increased from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to over 400 million metric tons in 2015, according to the study, outgrowing most other man-made materials. Notable exceptions are materials that are used extensively in the construction sector, such as steel and cement.

(26) But while steel and cement are used primarily for construction, plastics’ largest market is packaging, and most of those products are used once and discarded.

“Roughly half of all the steel we make goes into construction, so it will have decades of use—plastic is the opposite,” said Roland Geyer, lead author of the paper and associate professor in UCSB’s Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. “Half of all plastics become waste after four or fewer years of use.”

(31) And the pace of plastic production shows no signs of slowing. Of the total amount of plastics produced from 1950 to 2015, roughly half was produced in just the last 13 years.

The researchers are quick to caution that they do not seek the total removal of plastic from the marketplace, but rather a more critical examination of plastic use and its end-of-life value.

(35) “There are areas where plastics are indispensable, especially in products designed for durability,” said paper co-author Kara Lavender Law, a research professor at SEA. “But I think we need to take a careful look at our expansive use of plastics and ask when the use of these materials does or does not make sense.”

The same team of researchers led a 2015 study published in the journal Science that calculated the magnitude of plastic waste going into the ocean. They estimated that 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the oceans in 2010.

(40) “There are people alive today who remember a world without plastics,” Jambeck said. “But they have become so ubiquitous that you can’t go anywhere without finding plastic waste in our environment, including our oceans.”

As it is used in line 40, the word ubiquitous most nearly means: