Reading Practice Test 1 (Untimed) – Outschool

Item 1

LITERARY NARRATIVE: “The Last Ember”

The wind howled through the narrow streets of the old village, swirling fallen leaves in dizzying circles. Evie stood at the edge of the crumbling stone wall, watching the distant horizon where the sun was beginning to dip behind the mountains. It had been two weeks since the fire, and each passing day seemed to stretch longer than the one before. The smell of smoke still clung to her clothes, despite her best efforts to wash it away. The village was quiet now, the kind of quiet that pressed heavily on your chest and made it difficult to breathe.

Her mother had always told her that fire was both a gift and a curse. It could warm you on a cold night, but it could also take everything from you in the blink of an eye. Evie had never fully understood the meaning of those words until now. The fire had come suddenly, without warning, sweeping through the village in a furious wave that had taken her home, her belongings, and her sense of safety. The village was left in ruins, the charred remains of houses standing like monuments, holding memories of lives that had once been.

Evie turned away from the wall, the weight of the memory pressing down on her shoulders. She had been so certain that things would return to normal, that the villagers would rebuild and the sun would rise over the same familiar streets. But nothing was the same anymore. The fire had taken something more than just physical things; it had stolen a part of her heart. She had lost her sense of belonging, the feeling of being grounded in a place she had always called home.

“Evie, there you are.”

Evie looked up to see Tomas, her childhood friend, walking toward her. His face was pale, his eyes tired, but there was a softness in his gaze that made her feel as though she wasn’t completely alone.

“We’re gathering at the old oak tree,” Tomas said, his voice gentle. “People want to talk about what comes next. We can’t keep running from the past, Evie. We need to face it together.”

Evie hesitated. The thought of facing the aftermath of the fire, of confronting the grief and loss that everyone in the village was struggling to deal with, was overwhelming. But Tomas was right. The village needed something to hold on to, some spark of hope to carry them through the darkness.

She nodded slowly and followed him. As they walked through the desolate streets, the sound of their footsteps echoed against the stone buildings. The sky above them was a pale blue, the last light of day fading as the sun dipped lower. For a moment, Evie felt a flicker of warmth, like a faint ember that might, if carefully tended, grow into something more.

At the old oak tree, the villagers had gathered. Some sat on the ground, their faces etched with sorrow, while others stood, looking out over the village they once knew. Evie took a seat next to Tomas, feeling the cool breeze brush against her skin. It wasn’t much, but it was something—a beginning. As the first stars began to appear in the sky, she felt the weight of the night settle around her. It was a beginning, yes, but it was also the end of something, something she couldn’t quite name.

“How do we rebuild?” someone asked from the crowd.

Tomas stood, his voice steady despite the uncertainty in his eyes. “We rebuild with each other. We rebuild with the memories of what we had, and the strength to create something new. The fire may have taken everything from us, but it can’t take our will to survive.”

Evie looked up at the sky, the stars beginning to twinkle against the darkening blue. She felt a sense of peace settle within her, a quiet certainty that no matter how many times the world tried to break them, they would find a way to rise again. The ember was small, but it was still there, glowing faintly in the dark.

The central theme of the passage is:

Item 2

LITERARY NARRATIVE: “The Last Ember”

The wind howled through the narrow streets of the old village, swirling fallen leaves in dizzying circles. Evie stood at the edge of the crumbling stone wall, watching the distant horizon where the sun was beginning to dip behind the mountains. It had been two weeks since the fire, and each passing day seemed to stretch longer than the one before. The smell of smoke still clung to her clothes, despite her best efforts to wash it away. The village was quiet now, the kind of quiet that pressed heavily on your chest and made it difficult to breathe.

Her mother had always told her that fire was both a gift and a curse. It could warm you on a cold night, but it could also take everything from you in the blink of an eye. Evie had never fully understood the meaning of those words until now. The fire had come suddenly, without warning, sweeping through the village in a furious wave that had taken her home, her belongings, and her sense of safety. The village was left in ruins, the charred remains of houses standing like monuments, holding memories of lives that had once been.

Evie turned away from the wall, the weight of the memory pressing down on her shoulders. She had been so certain that things would return to normal, that the villagers would rebuild and the sun would rise over the same familiar streets. But nothing was the same anymore. The fire had taken something more than just physical things; it had stolen a part of her heart. She had lost her sense of belonging, the feeling of being grounded in a place she had always called home.

“Evie, there you are.”

Evie looked up to see Tomas, her childhood friend, walking toward her. His face was pale, his eyes tired, but there was a softness in his gaze that made her feel as though she wasn’t completely alone.

“We’re gathering at the old oak tree,” Tomas said, his voice gentle. “People want to talk about what comes next. We can’t keep running from the past, Evie. We need to face it together.”

Evie hesitated. The thought of facing the aftermath of the fire, of confronting the grief and loss that everyone in the village was struggling to deal with, was overwhelming. But Tomas was right. The village needed something to hold on to, some spark of hope to carry them through the darkness.

She nodded slowly and followed him. As they walked through the desolate streets, the sound of their footsteps echoed against the stone buildings. The sky above them was a pale blue, the last light of day fading as the sun dipped lower. For a moment, Evie felt a flicker of warmth, like a faint ember that might, if carefully tended, grow into something more.

At the old oak tree, the villagers had gathered. Some sat on the ground, their faces etched with sorrow, while others stood, looking out over the village they once knew. Evie took a seat next to Tomas, feeling the cool breeze brush against her skin. It wasn’t much, but it was something—a beginning. As the first stars began to appear in the sky, she felt the weight of the night settle around her. It was a beginning, yes, but it was also the end of something, something she couldn’t quite name.

“How do we rebuild?” someone asked from the crowd.

Tomas stood, his voice steady despite the uncertainty in his eyes. “We rebuild with each other. We rebuild with the memories of what we had, and the strength to create something new. The fire may have taken everything from us, but it can’t take our will to survive.”

Evie looked up at the sky, the stars beginning to twinkle against the darkening blue. She felt a sense of peace settle within her, a quiet certainty that no matter how many times the world tried to break them, they would find a way to rise again. The ember was small, but it was still there, glowing faintly in the dark.

Which of the following best describes Evie’s emotional state at the beginning of the passage? 

Item 3

LITERARY NARRATIVE: “The Last Ember”

The wind howled through the narrow streets of the old village, swirling fallen leaves in dizzying circles. Evie stood at the edge of the crumbling stone wall, watching the distant horizon where the sun was beginning to dip behind the mountains. It had been two weeks since the fire, and each passing day seemed to stretch longer than the one before. The smell of smoke still clung to her clothes, despite her best efforts to wash it away. The village was quiet now, the kind of quiet that pressed heavily on your chest and made it difficult to breathe.

Her mother had always told her that fire was both a gift and a curse. It could warm you on a cold night, but it could also take everything from you in the blink of an eye. Evie had never fully understood the meaning of those words until now. The fire had come suddenly, without warning, sweeping through the village in a furious wave that had taken her home, her belongings, and her sense of safety. The village was left in ruins, the charred remains of houses standing like monuments, holding memories of lives that had once been.

Evie turned away from the wall, the weight of the memory pressing down on her shoulders. She had been so certain that things would return to normal, that the villagers would rebuild and the sun would rise over the same familiar streets. But nothing was the same anymore. The fire had taken something more than just physical things; it had stolen a part of her heart. She had lost her sense of belonging, the feeling of being grounded in a place she had always called home.

“Evie, there you are.”

Evie looked up to see Tomas, her childhood friend, walking toward her. His face was pale, his eyes tired, but there was a softness in his gaze that made her feel as though she wasn’t completely alone.

“We’re gathering at the old oak tree,” Tomas said, his voice gentle. “People want to talk about what comes next. We can’t keep running from the past, Evie. We need to face it together.”

Evie hesitated. The thought of facing the aftermath of the fire, of confronting the grief and loss that everyone in the village was struggling to deal with, was overwhelming. But Tomas was right. The village needed something to hold on to, some spark of hope to carry them through the darkness.

She nodded slowly and followed him. As they walked through the desolate streets, the sound of their footsteps echoed against the stone buildings. The sky above them was a pale blue, the last light of day fading as the sun dipped lower. For a moment, Evie felt a flicker of warmth, like a faint ember that might, if carefully tended, grow into something more.

At the old oak tree, the villagers had gathered. Some sat on the ground, their faces etched with sorrow, while others stood, looking out over the village they once knew. Evie took a seat next to Tomas, feeling the cool breeze brush against her skin. It wasn’t much, but it was something—a beginning. As the first stars began to appear in the sky, she felt the weight of the night settle around her. It was a beginning, yes, but it was also the end of something, something she couldn’t quite name.

“How do we rebuild?” someone asked from the crowd.

Tomas stood, his voice steady despite the uncertainty in his eyes. “We rebuild with each other. We rebuild with the memories of what we had, and the strength to create something new. The fire may have taken everything from us, but it can’t take our will to survive.”

Evie looked up at the sky, the stars beginning to twinkle against the darkening blue. She felt a sense of peace settle within her, a quiet certainty that no matter how many times the world tried to break them, they would find a way to rise again. The ember was small, but it was still there, glowing faintly in the dark.

 Beyond her home and belongings, Evie feels the fire has taken her: 

Item 4

LITERARY NARRATIVE: “The Last Ember”

The wind howled through the narrow streets of the old village, swirling fallen leaves in dizzying circles. Evie stood at the edge of the crumbling stone wall, watching the distant horizon where the sun was beginning to dip behind the mountains. It had been two weeks since the fire, and each passing day seemed to stretch longer than the one before. The smell of smoke still clung to her clothes, despite her best efforts to wash it away. The village was quiet now, the kind of quiet that pressed heavily on your chest and made it difficult to breathe.

Her mother had always told her that fire was both a gift and a curse. It could warm you on a cold night, but it could also take everything from you in the blink of an eye. Evie had never fully understood the meaning of those words until now. The fire had come suddenly, without warning, sweeping through the village in a furious wave that had taken her home, her belongings, and her sense of safety. The village was left in ruins, the charred remains of houses standing like monuments, holding memories of lives that had once been.

Evie turned away from the wall, the weight of the memory pressing down on her shoulders. She had been so certain that things would return to normal, that the villagers would rebuild and the sun would rise over the same familiar streets. But nothing was the same anymore. The fire had taken something more than just physical things; it had stolen a part of her heart. She had lost her sense of belonging, the feeling of being grounded in a place she had always called home.

“Evie, there you are.”

Evie looked up to see Tomas, her childhood friend, walking toward her. His face was pale, his eyes tired, but there was a softness in his gaze that made her feel as though she wasn’t completely alone.

“We’re gathering at the old oak tree,” Tomas said, his voice gentle. “People want to talk about what comes next. We can’t keep running from the past, Evie. We need to face it together.”

Evie hesitated. The thought of facing the aftermath of the fire, of confronting the grief and loss that everyone in the village was struggling to deal with, was overwhelming. But Tomas was right. The village needed something to hold on to, some spark of hope to carry them through the darkness.

She nodded slowly and followed him. As they walked through the desolate streets, the sound of their footsteps echoed against the stone buildings. The sky above them was a pale blue, the last light of day fading as the sun dipped lower. For a moment, Evie felt a flicker of warmth, like a faint ember that might, if carefully tended, grow into something more.

At the old oak tree, the villagers had gathered. Some sat on the ground, their faces etched with sorrow, while others stood, looking out over the village they once knew. Evie took a seat next to Tomas, feeling the cool breeze brush against her skin. It wasn’t much, but it was something—a beginning. As the first stars began to appear in the sky, she felt the weight of the night settle around her. It was a beginning, yes, but it was also the end of something, something she couldn’t quite name.

“How do we rebuild?” someone asked from the crowd.

Tomas stood, his voice steady despite the uncertainty in his eyes. “We rebuild with each other. We rebuild with the memories of what we had, and the strength to create something new. The fire may have taken everything from us, but it can’t take our will to survive.”

Evie looked up at the sky, the stars beginning to twinkle against the darkening blue. She felt a sense of peace settle within her, a quiet certainty that no matter how many times the world tried to break them, they would find a way to rise again. The ember was small, but it was still there, glowing faintly in the dark.

Tomas contributes to Evie’s emotional journey by:  

Item 5

LITERARY NARRATIVE: “The Last Ember”

The wind howled through the narrow streets of the old village, swirling fallen leaves in dizzying circles. Evie stood at the edge of the crumbling stone wall, watching the distant horizon where the sun was beginning to dip behind the mountains. It had been two weeks since the fire, and each passing day seemed to stretch longer than the one before. The smell of smoke still clung to her clothes, despite her best efforts to wash it away. The village was quiet now, the kind of quiet that pressed heavily on your chest and made it difficult to breathe.

Her mother had always told her that fire was both a gift and a curse. It could warm you on a cold night, but it could also take everything from you in the blink of an eye. Evie had never fully understood the meaning of those words until now. The fire had come suddenly, without warning, sweeping through the village in a furious wave that had taken her home, her belongings, and her sense of safety. The village was left in ruins, the charred remains of houses standing like monuments, holding memories of lives that had once been.

Evie turned away from the wall, the weight of the memory pressing down on her shoulders. She had been so certain that things would return to normal, that the villagers would rebuild and the sun would rise over the same familiar streets. But nothing was the same anymore. The fire had taken something more than just physical things; it had stolen a part of her heart. She had lost her sense of belonging, the feeling of being grounded in a place she had always called home.

“Evie, there you are.”

Evie looked up to see Tomas, her childhood friend, walking toward her. His face was pale, his eyes tired, but there was a softness in his gaze that made her feel as though she wasn’t completely alone.

“We’re gathering at the old oak tree,” Tomas said, his voice gentle. “People want to talk about what comes next. We can’t keep running from the past, Evie. We need to face it together.”

Evie hesitated. The thought of facing the aftermath of the fire, of confronting the grief and loss that everyone in the village was struggling to deal with, was overwhelming. But Tomas was right. The village needed something to hold on to, some spark of hope to carry them through the darkness.

She nodded slowly and followed him. As they walked through the desolate streets, the sound of their footsteps echoed against the stone buildings. The sky above them was a pale blue, the last light of day fading as the sun dipped lower. For a moment, Evie felt a flicker of warmth, like a faint ember that might, if carefully tended, grow into something more.

At the old oak tree, the villagers had gathered. Some sat on the ground, their faces etched with sorrow, while others stood, looking out over the village they once knew. Evie took a seat next to Tomas, feeling the cool breeze brush against her skin. It wasn’t much, but it was something—a beginning. As the first stars began to appear in the sky, she felt the weight of the night settle around her. It was a beginning, yes, but it was also the end of something, something she couldn’t quite name.

“How do we rebuild?” someone asked from the crowd.

Tomas stood, his voice steady despite the uncertainty in his eyes. “We rebuild with each other. We rebuild with the memories of what we had, and the strength to create something new. The fire may have taken everything from us, but it can’t take our will to survive.”

Evie looked up at the sky, the stars beginning to twinkle against the darkening blue. She felt a sense of peace settle within her, a quiet certainty that no matter how many times the world tried to break them, they would find a way to rise again. The ember was small, but it was still there, glowing faintly in the dark.

The information in the highlighted text most likely represents:

Item 6

LITERARY NARRATIVE: “The Last Ember”

The wind howled through the narrow streets of the old village, swirling fallen leaves in dizzying circles. Evie stood at the edge of the crumbling stone wall, watching the distant horizon where the sun was beginning to dip behind the mountains. It had been two weeks since the fire, and each passing day seemed to stretch longer than the one before. The smell of smoke still clung to her clothes, despite her best efforts to wash it away. The village was quiet now, the kind of quiet that pressed heavily on your chest and made it difficult to breathe.

Her mother had always told her that fire was both a gift and a curse. It could warm you on a cold night, but it could also take everything from you in the blink of an eye. Evie had never fully understood the meaning of those words until now. The fire had come suddenly, without warning, sweeping through the village in a furious wave that had taken her home, her belongings, and her sense of safety. The village was left in ruins, the charred remains of houses standing like monuments, holding memories of lives that had once been.

Evie turned away from the wall, the weight of the memory pressing down on her shoulders. She had been so certain that things would return to normal, that the villagers would rebuild and the sun would rise over the same familiar streets. But nothing was the same anymore. The fire had taken something more than just physical things; it had stolen a part of her heart. She had lost her sense of belonging, the feeling of being grounded in a place she had always called home.

“Evie, there you are.”

Evie looked up to see Tomas, her childhood friend, walking toward her. His face was pale, his eyes tired, but there was a softness in his gaze that made her feel as though she wasn’t completely alone.

“We’re gathering at the old oak tree,” Tomas said, his voice gentle. “People want to talk about what comes next. We can’t keep running from the past, Evie. We need to face it together.”

Evie hesitated. The thought of facing the aftermath of the fire, of confronting the grief and loss that everyone in the village was struggling to deal with, was overwhelming. But Tomas was right. The village needed something to hold on to, some spark of hope to carry them through the darkness.

She nodded slowly and followed him. As they walked through the desolate streets, the sound of their footsteps echoed against the stone buildings. The sky above them was a pale blue, the last light of day fading as the sun dipped lower. For a moment, Evie felt a flicker of warmth, like a faint ember that might, if carefully tended, grow into something more.

At the old oak tree, the villagers had gathered. Some sat on the ground, their faces etched with sorrow, while others stood, looking out over the village they once knew. Evie took a seat next to Tomas, feeling the cool breeze brush against her skin. It wasn’t much, but it was something—a beginning. As the first stars began to appear in the sky, she felt the weight of the night settle around her. It was a beginning, yes, but it was also the end of something, something she couldn’t quite name.

“How do we rebuild?” someone asked from the crowd.

Tomas stood, his voice steady despite the uncertainty in his eyes. “We rebuild with each other. We rebuild with the memories of what we had, and the strength to create something new. The fire may have taken everything from us, but it can’t take our will to survive.”

Evie looked up at the sky, the stars beginning to twinkle against the darkening blue. She felt a sense of peace settle within her, a quiet certainty that no matter how many times the world tried to break them, they would find a way to rise again. The ember was small, but it was still there, glowing faintly in the dark.

The setting of the old oak tree symbolizes: 

Item 7

LITERARY NARRATIVE: “The Last Ember”

The wind howled through the narrow streets of the old village, swirling fallen leaves in dizzying circles. Evie stood at the edge of the crumbling stone wall, watching the distant horizon where the sun was beginning to dip behind the mountains. It had been two weeks since the fire, and each passing day seemed to stretch longer than the one before. The smell of smoke still clung to her clothes, despite her best efforts to wash it away. The village was quiet now, the kind of quiet that pressed heavily on your chest and made it difficult to breathe.

Her mother had always told her that fire was both a gift and a curse. It could warm you on a cold night, but it could also take everything from you in the blink of an eye. Evie had never fully understood the meaning of those words until now. The fire had come suddenly, without warning, sweeping through the village in a furious wave that had taken her home, her belongings, and her sense of safety. The village was left in ruins, the charred remains of houses standing like monuments, holding memories of lives that had once been.

Evie turned away from the wall, the weight of the memory pressing down on her shoulders. She had been so certain that things would return to normal, that the villagers would rebuild and the sun would rise over the same familiar streets. But nothing was the same anymore. The fire had taken something more than just physical things; it had stolen a part of her heart. She had lost her sense of belonging, the feeling of being grounded in a place she had always called home.

“Evie, there you are.”

Evie looked up to see Tomas, her childhood friend, walking toward her. His face was pale, his eyes tired, but there was a softness in his gaze that made her feel as though she wasn’t completely alone.

“We’re gathering at the old oak tree,” Tomas said, his voice gentle. “People want to talk about what comes next. We can’t keep running from the past, Evie. We need to face it together.”

Evie hesitated. The thought of facing the aftermath of the fire, of confronting the grief and loss that everyone in the village was struggling to deal with, was overwhelming. But Tomas was right. The village needed something to hold on to, some spark of hope to carry them through the darkness.

She nodded slowly and followed him. As they walked through the desolate streets, the sound of their footsteps echoed against the stone buildings. The sky above them was a pale blue, the last light of day fading as the sun dipped lower. For a moment, Evie felt a flicker of warmth, like a faint ember that might, if carefully tended, grow into something more.

At the old oak tree, the villagers had gathered. Some sat on the ground, their faces etched with sorrow, while others stood, looking out over the village they once knew. Evie took a seat next to Tomas, feeling the cool breeze brush against her skin. It wasn’t much, but it was something—a beginning. As the first stars began to appear in the sky, she felt the weight of the night settle around her. It was a beginning, yes, but it was also the end of something, something she couldn’t quite name.

“How do we rebuild?” someone asked from the crowd.

Tomas stood, his voice steady despite the uncertainty in his eyes. “We rebuild with each other. We rebuild with the memories of what we had, and the strength to create something new. The fire may have taken everything from us, but it can’t take our will to survive.”

Evie looked up at the sky, the stars beginning to twinkle against the darkening blue. She felt a sense of peace settle within her, a quiet certainty that no matter how many times the world tried to break them, they would find a way to rise again. The ember was small, but it was still there, glowing faintly in the dark.

The point of view from which the passage is told is best described as that of a:

Item 8

LITERARY NARRATIVE: “The Last Ember”

The wind howled through the narrow streets of the old village, swirling fallen leaves in dizzying circles. Evie stood at the edge of the crumbling stone wall, watching the distant horizon where the sun was beginning to dip behind the mountains. It had been two weeks since the fire, and each passing day seemed to stretch longer than the one before. The smell of smoke still clung to her clothes, despite her best efforts to wash it away. The village was quiet now, the kind of quiet that pressed heavily on your chest and made it difficult to breathe.

Her mother had always told her that fire was both a gift and a curse. It could warm you on a cold night, but it could also take everything from you in the blink of an eye. Evie had never fully understood the meaning of those words until now. The fire had come suddenly, without warning, sweeping through the village in a furious wave that had taken her home, her belongings, and her sense of safety. The village was left in ruins, the charred remains of houses standing like monuments, holding memories of lives that had once been.

Evie turned away from the wall, the weight of the memory pressing down on her shoulders. She had been so certain that things would return to normal, that the villagers would rebuild and the sun would rise over the same familiar streets. But nothing was the same anymore. The fire had taken something more than just physical things; it had stolen a part of her heart. She had lost her sense of belonging, the feeling of being grounded in a place she had always called home.

“Evie, there you are.”

Evie looked up to see Tomas, her childhood friend, walking toward her. His face was pale, his eyes tired, but there was a softness in his gaze that made her feel as though she wasn’t completely alone.

“We’re gathering at the old oak tree,” Tomas said, his voice gentle. “People want to talk about what comes next. We can’t keep running from the past, Evie. We need to face it together.”

Evie hesitated. The thought of facing the aftermath of the fire, of confronting the grief and loss that everyone in the village was struggling to deal with, was overwhelming. But Tomas was right. The village needed something to hold on to, some spark of hope to carry them through the darkness.

She nodded slowly and followed him. As they walked through the desolate streets, the sound of their footsteps echoed against the stone buildings. The sky above them was a pale blue, the last light of day fading as the sun dipped lower. For a moment, Evie felt a flicker of warmth, like a faint ember that might, if carefully tended, grow into something more.

At the old oak tree, the villagers had gathered. Some sat on the ground, their faces etched with sorrow, while others stood, looking out over the village they once knew. Evie took a seat next to Tomas, feeling the cool breeze brush against her skin. It wasn’t much, but it was something—a beginning. As the first stars began to appear in the sky, she felt the weight of the night settle around her. It was a beginning, yes, but it was also the end of something, something she couldn’t quite name.

“How do we rebuild?” someone asked from the crowd.

Tomas stood, his voice steady despite the uncertainty in his eyes. “We rebuild with each other. We rebuild with the memories of what we had, and the strength to create something new. The fire may have taken everything from us, but it can’t take our will to survive.”

Evie looked up at the sky, the stars beginning to twinkle against the darkening blue. She felt a sense of peace settle within her, a quiet certainty that no matter how many times the world tried to break them, they would find a way to rise again. The ember was small, but it was still there, glowing faintly in the dark.

The information in the highlighted text most likely suggests that the: 

Item 9

LITERARY NARRATIVE: “The Last Ember”

The wind howled through the narrow streets of the old village, swirling fallen leaves in dizzying circles. Evie stood at the edge of the crumbling stone wall, watching the distant horizon where the sun was beginning to dip behind the mountains. It had been two weeks since the fire, and each passing day seemed to stretch longer than the one before. The smell of smoke still clung to her clothes, despite her best efforts to wash it away. The village was quiet now, the kind of quiet that pressed heavily on your chest and made it difficult to breathe.

Her mother had always told her that fire was both a gift and a curse. It could warm you on a cold night, but it could also take everything from you in the blink of an eye. Evie had never fully understood the meaning of those words until now. The fire had come suddenly, without warning, sweeping through the village in a furious wave that had taken her home, her belongings, and her sense of safety. The village was left in ruins, the charred remains of houses standing like monuments, holding memories of lives that had once been.

Evie turned away from the wall, the weight of the memory pressing down on her shoulders. She had been so certain that things would return to normal, that the villagers would rebuild and the sun would rise over the same familiar streets. But nothing was the same anymore. The fire had taken something more than just physical things; it had stolen a part of her heart. She had lost her sense of belonging, the feeling of being grounded in a place she had always called home.

“Evie, there you are.”

Evie looked up to see Tomas, her childhood friend, walking toward her. His face was pale, his eyes tired, but there was a softness in his gaze that made her feel as though she wasn’t completely alone.

“We’re gathering at the old oak tree,” Tomas said, his voice gentle. “People want to talk about what comes next. We can’t keep running from the past, Evie. We need to face it together.”

Evie hesitated. The thought of facing the aftermath of the fire, of confronting the grief and loss that everyone in the village was struggling to deal with, was overwhelming. But Tomas was right. The village needed something to hold on to, some spark of hope to carry them through the darkness.

She nodded slowly and followed him. As they walked through the desolate streets, the sound of their footsteps echoed against the stone buildings. The sky above them was a pale blue, the last light of day fading as the sun dipped lower. For a moment, Evie felt a flicker of warmth, like a faint ember that might, if carefully tended, grow into something more.

At the old oak tree, the villagers had gathered. Some sat on the ground, their faces etched with sorrow, while others stood, looking out over the village they once knew. Evie took a seat next to Tomas, feeling the cool breeze brush against her skin. It wasn’t much, but it was something—a beginning. As the first stars began to appear in the sky, she felt the weight of the night settle around her. It was a beginning, yes, but it was also the end of something, something she couldn’t quite name.

“How do we rebuild?” someone asked from the crowd.

Tomas stood, his voice steady despite the uncertainty in his eyes. “We rebuild with each other. We rebuild with the memories of what we had, and the strength to create something new. The fire may have taken everything from us, but it can’t take our will to survive.”

Evie looked up at the sky, the stars beginning to twinkle against the darkening blue. She felt a sense of peace settle within her, a quiet certainty that no matter how many times the world tried to break them, they would find a way to rise again. The ember was small, but it was still there, glowing faintly in the dark.

During the gathering at the old oak tree, Tomas suggests that the villagers:

Item 10

SOCIAL SCIENCE: “Rooted in Nature: A Life of Conservation”

Growing up in the remote town of Timbercrest, nestled deep within the majestic Canadian Rockies, Jackson Turner’s early years were steeped in the rhythms of nature. From a tender age, he found himself immersed in the towering forests that surrounded his home, where the whispering pines and ancient cedars became his playground. His father, a weathered logger with a weather-beaten face and calloused hands, imparted to him a profound respect for the land. It was under his father’s patient guidance that Turner first learned to distinguish between the sturdy Douglas firs and the resilient lodgepole pines, and to appreciate the delicate equilibrium between sustainable logging practices and environmental preservation.

As Turner ventured into his teenage years, his fascination with the wilderness deepened, leading him to volunteer at Timbercrest’s local wildlife sanctuary. Here, amidst the serene sanctity of the forest refuge, he encountered biologists and conservationists who opened his eyes to the intricate web of life that flourished within these hallowed groves. It was within the sanctuary’s rustic cabins and along its tranquil trails that Turner began to grasp the profound interconnections between diverse ecosystems and the urgent need for stewardship.

Determined to channel his passion into action, Turner pursued a rigorous course of study in environmental science upon graduating high school. His academic journey took him to the University of British Columbia, where he delved into the complexities of forestry management and biodiversity conservation. Despite skepticism from peers and even well-meaning family members who questioned the viability of a career in an industry undergoing rapid transformation, Turner’s commitment to safeguarding the natural world remained resolute.

Armed with his newly minted degree, Turner embarked on a career path that merged advocacy with activism. He joined forces with a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving the dwindling remnants of old-growth forests that still clung tenaciously to the slopes of the Rockies. Here, in the heart of the conservation movement, Turner found his voice. He organized impassioned protests against the encroachment of industrial logging into pristine wilderness areas, rallying fellow activists and engaging in spirited debates with policymakers to secure legal protections for vulnerable habitats.

Turner’s efforts bore fruit when he successfully championed the establishment of a national park, a sanctuary for endangered species and ancient arboreal giants alike. This monumental achievement marked a turning point in his career, catapulting him onto the national stage as a formidable advocate for environmental stewardship. Yet, for Turner, the battle was far from over.

Beyond the realm of advocacy, Turner recognized the importance of fostering grassroots initiatives that empowered local communities to become stewards of their own natural heritage. He spearheaded community-driven tree-planting campaigns, where volunteers of all ages and backgrounds came together to replenish clear-cut forests with saplings carefully chosen to thrive in their native soil. These events not only restored ravaged landscapes but also nurtured a sense of collective responsibility and environmental consciousness among participants.

Turner’s philosophy was grounded in collaboration and inclusivity. He forged partnerships with indigenous groups, respecting their traditional ecological knowledge and integrating it into modern conservation practices. Through workshops and educational programs, he sought to bridge cultural divides and cultivate a shared vision of sustainability that embraced both ancient wisdom and contemporary science.

Despite setbacks and the ever-present challenges of balancing ecological imperatives with economic pressures, Turner remained an optimist at heart. He envisioned a future where society’s relentless drive for progress could coexist harmoniously with the imperatives of environmental preservation. To him, education was the cornerstone upon which this vision rested—a powerful tool that empowered individuals and communities alike to become guardians of the natural world.

In Turner’s eyes, the path forward lay not in standing apart but in standing together—united in purpose, guided by knowledge, and inspired by the enduring beauty of the forests that shaped his life’s journey.

The main purpose of the passage is to: 

Item 11

SOCIAL SCIENCE: “Rooted in Nature: A Life of Conservation”

Growing up in the remote town of Timbercrest, nestled deep within the majestic Canadian Rockies, Jackson Turner’s early years were steeped in the rhythms of nature. From a tender age, he found himself immersed in the towering forests that surrounded his home, where the whispering pines and ancient cedars became his playground. His father, a weathered logger with a weather-beaten face and calloused hands, imparted to him a profound respect for the land. It was under his father’s patient guidance that Turner first learned to distinguish between the sturdy Douglas firs and the resilient lodgepole pines, and to appreciate the delicate equilibrium between sustainable logging practices and environmental preservation.

As Turner ventured into his teenage years, his fascination with the wilderness deepened, leading him to volunteer at Timbercrest’s local wildlife sanctuary. Here, amidst the serene sanctity of the forest refuge, he encountered biologists and conservationists who opened his eyes to the intricate web of life that flourished within these hallowed groves. It was within the sanctuary’s rustic cabins and along its tranquil trails that Turner began to grasp the profound interconnections between diverse ecosystems and the urgent need for stewardship.

Determined to channel his passion into action, Turner pursued a rigorous course of study in environmental science upon graduating high school. His academic journey took him to the University of British Columbia, where he delved into the complexities of forestry management and biodiversity conservation. Despite skepticism from peers and even well-meaning family members who questioned the viability of a career in an industry undergoing rapid transformation, Turner’s commitment to safeguarding the natural world remained resolute.

Armed with his newly minted degree, Turner embarked on a career path that merged advocacy with activism. He joined forces with a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving the dwindling remnants of old-growth forests that still clung tenaciously to the slopes of the Rockies. Here, in the heart of the conservation movement, Turner found his voice. He organized impassioned protests against the encroachment of industrial logging into pristine wilderness areas, rallying fellow activists and engaging in spirited debates with policymakers to secure legal protections for vulnerable habitats.

Turner’s efforts bore fruit when he successfully championed the establishment of a national park, a sanctuary for endangered species and ancient arboreal giants alike. This monumental achievement marked a turning point in his career, catapulting him onto the national stage as a formidable advocate for environmental stewardship. Yet, for Turner, the battle was far from over.

Beyond the realm of advocacy, Turner recognized the importance of fostering grassroots initiatives that empowered local communities to become stewards of their own natural heritage. He spearheaded community-driven tree-planting campaigns, where volunteers of all ages and backgrounds came together to replenish clear-cut forests with saplings carefully chosen to thrive in their native soil. These events not only restored ravaged landscapes but also nurtured a sense of collective responsibility and environmental consciousness among participants.

Turner’s philosophy was grounded in collaboration and inclusivity. He forged partnerships with indigenous groups, respecting their traditional ecological knowledge and integrating it into modern conservation practices. Through workshops and educational programs, he sought to bridge cultural divides and cultivate a shared vision of sustainability that embraced both ancient wisdom and contemporary science.

Despite setbacks and the ever-present challenges of balancing ecological imperatives with economic pressures, Turner remained an optimist at heart. He envisioned a future where society’s relentless drive for progress could coexist harmoniously with the imperatives of environmental preservation. To him, education was the cornerstone upon which this vision rested—a powerful tool that empowered individuals and communities alike to become guardians of the natural world.

In Turner’s eyes, the path forward lay not in standing apart but in standing together—united in purpose, guided by knowledge, and inspired by the enduring beauty of the forests that shaped his life’s journey.

Based on the passage, how did Turner’s upbringing influence his career choices?

Item 12

SOCIAL SCIENCE: “Rooted in Nature: A Life of Conservation”

Growing up in the remote town of Timbercrest, nestled deep within the majestic Canadian Rockies, Jackson Turner’s early years were steeped in the rhythms of nature. From a tender age, he found himself immersed in the towering forests that surrounded his home, where the whispering pines and ancient cedars became his playground. His father, a weathered logger with a weather-beaten face and calloused hands, imparted to him a profound respect for the land. It was under his father’s patient guidance that Turner first learned to distinguish between the sturdy Douglas firs and the resilient lodgepole pines, and to appreciate the delicate equilibrium between sustainable logging practices and environmental preservation.

As Turner ventured into his teenage years, his fascination with the wilderness deepened, leading him to volunteer at Timbercrest’s local wildlife sanctuary. Here, amidst the serene sanctity of the forest refuge, he encountered biologists and conservationists who opened his eyes to the intricate web of life that flourished within these hallowed groves. It was within the sanctuary’s rustic cabins and along its tranquil trails that Turner began to grasp the profound interconnections between diverse ecosystems and the urgent need for stewardship.

Determined to channel his passion into action, Turner pursued a rigorous course of study in environmental science upon graduating high school. His academic journey took him to the University of British Columbia, where he delved into the complexities of forestry management and biodiversity conservation. Despite skepticism from peers and even well-meaning family members who questioned the viability of a career in an industry undergoing rapid transformation, Turner’s commitment to safeguarding the natural world remained resolute.

Armed with his newly minted degree, Turner embarked on a career path that merged advocacy with activism. He joined forces with a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving the dwindling remnants of old-growth forests that still clung tenaciously to the slopes of the Rockies. Here, in the heart of the conservation movement, Turner found his voice. He organized impassioned protests against the encroachment of industrial logging into pristine wilderness areas, rallying fellow activists and engaging in spirited debates with policymakers to secure legal protections for vulnerable habitats.

Turner’s efforts bore fruit when he successfully championed the establishment of a national park, a sanctuary for endangered species and ancient arboreal giants alike. This monumental achievement marked a turning point in his career, catapulting him onto the national stage as a formidable advocate for environmental stewardship. Yet, for Turner, the battle was far from over.

Beyond the realm of advocacy, Turner recognized the importance of fostering grassroots initiatives that empowered local communities to become stewards of their own natural heritage. He spearheaded community-driven tree-planting campaigns, where volunteers of all ages and backgrounds came together to replenish clear-cut forests with saplings carefully chosen to thrive in their native soil. These events not only restored ravaged landscapes but also nurtured a sense of collective responsibility and environmental consciousness among participants.

Turner’s philosophy was grounded in collaboration and inclusivity. He forged partnerships with indigenous groups, respecting their traditional ecological knowledge and integrating it into modern conservation practices. Through workshops and educational programs, he sought to bridge cultural divides and cultivate a shared vision of sustainability that embraced both ancient wisdom and contemporary science.

Despite setbacks and the ever-present challenges of balancing ecological imperatives with economic pressures, Turner remained an optimist at heart. He envisioned a future where society’s relentless drive for progress could coexist harmoniously with the imperatives of environmental preservation. To him, education was the cornerstone upon which this vision rested—a powerful tool that empowered individuals and communities alike to become guardians of the natural world.

In Turner’s eyes, the path forward lay not in standing apart but in standing together—united in purpose, guided by knowledge, and inspired by the enduring beauty of the forests that shaped his life’s journey.

The main point of the highlighted paragraph is to:

Item 13

SOCIAL SCIENCE: “Rooted in Nature: A Life of Conservation”

Growing up in the remote town of Timbercrest, nestled deep within the majestic Canadian Rockies, Jackson Turner’s early years were steeped in the rhythms of nature. From a tender age, he found himself immersed in the towering forests that surrounded his home, where the whispering pines and ancient cedars became his playground. His father, a weathered logger with a weather-beaten face and calloused hands, imparted to him a profound respect for the land. It was under his father’s patient guidance that Turner first learned to distinguish between the sturdy Douglas firs and the resilient lodgepole pines, and to appreciate the delicate equilibrium between sustainable logging practices and environmental preservation.

As Turner ventured into his teenage years, his fascination with the wilderness deepened, leading him to volunteer at Timbercrest’s local wildlife sanctuary. Here, amidst the serene sanctity of the forest refuge, he encountered biologists and conservationists who opened his eyes to the intricate web of life that flourished within these hallowed groves. It was within the sanctuary’s rustic cabins and along its tranquil trails that Turner began to grasp the profound interconnections between diverse ecosystems and the urgent need for stewardship.

Determined to channel his passion into action, Turner pursued a rigorous course of study in environmental science upon graduating high school. His academic journey took him to the University of British Columbia, where he delved into the complexities of forestry management and biodiversity conservation. Despite skepticism from peers and even well-meaning family members who questioned the viability of a career in an industry undergoing rapid transformation, Turner’s commitment to safeguarding the natural world remained resolute.

Armed with his newly minted degree, Turner embarked on a career path that merged advocacy with activism. He joined forces with a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving the dwindling remnants of old-growth forests that still clung tenaciously to the slopes of the Rockies. Here, in the heart of the conservation movement, Turner found his voice. He organized impassioned protests against the encroachment of industrial logging into pristine wilderness areas, rallying fellow activists and engaging in spirited debates with policymakers to secure legal protections for vulnerable habitats.

Turner’s efforts bore fruit when he successfully championed the establishment of a national park, a sanctuary for endangered species and ancient arboreal giants alike. This monumental achievement marked a turning point in his career, catapulting him onto the national stage as a formidable advocate for environmental stewardship. Yet, for Turner, the battle was far from over.

Beyond the realm of advocacy, Turner recognized the importance of fostering grassroots initiatives that empowered local communities to become stewards of their own natural heritage. He spearheaded community-driven tree-planting campaigns, where volunteers of all ages and backgrounds came together to replenish clear-cut forests with saplings carefully chosen to thrive in their native soil. These events not only restored ravaged landscapes but also nurtured a sense of collective responsibility and environmental consciousness among participants.

Turner’s philosophy was grounded in collaboration and inclusivity. He forged partnerships with indigenous groups, respecting their traditional ecological knowledge and integrating it into modern conservation practices. Through workshops and educational programs, he sought to bridge cultural divides and cultivate a shared vision of sustainability that embraced both ancient wisdom and contemporary science.

Despite setbacks and the ever-present challenges of balancing ecological imperatives with economic pressures, Turner remained an optimist at heart. He envisioned a future where society’s relentless drive for progress could coexist harmoniously with the imperatives of environmental preservation. To him, education was the cornerstone upon which this vision rested—a powerful tool that empowered individuals and communities alike to become guardians of the natural world.

In Turner’s eyes, the path forward lay not in standing apart but in standing together—united in purpose, guided by knowledge, and inspired by the enduring beauty of the forests that shaped his life’s journey.

 The main purpose of the highlighted sentence is to:

Item 14

SOCIAL SCIENCE: “Rooted in Nature: A Life of Conservation”

Growing up in the remote town of Timbercrest, nestled deep within the majestic Canadian Rockies, Jackson Turner’s early years were steeped in the rhythms of nature. From a tender age, he found himself immersed in the towering forests that surrounded his home, where the whispering pines and ancient cedars became his playground. His father, a weathered logger with a weather-beaten face and calloused hands, imparted to him a profound respect for the land. It was under his father’s patient guidance that Turner first learned to distinguish between the sturdy Douglas firs and the resilient lodgepole pines, and to appreciate the delicate equilibrium between sustainable logging practices and environmental preservation.

As Turner ventured into his teenage years, his fascination with the wilderness deepened, leading him to volunteer at Timbercrest’s local wildlife sanctuary. Here, amidst the serene sanctity of the forest refuge, he encountered biologists and conservationists who opened his eyes to the intricate web of life that flourished within these hallowed groves. It was within the sanctuary’s rustic cabins and along its tranquil trails that Turner began to grasp the profound interconnections between diverse ecosystems and the urgent need for stewardship.

Determined to channel his passion into action, Turner pursued a rigorous course of study in environmental science upon graduating high school. His academic journey took him to the University of British Columbia, where he delved into the complexities of forestry management and biodiversity conservation. Despite skepticism from peers and even well-meaning family members who questioned the viability of a career in an industry undergoing rapid transformation, Turner’s commitment to safeguarding the natural world remained resolute.

Armed with his newly minted degree, Turner embarked on a career path that merged advocacy with activism. He joined forces with a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving the dwindling remnants of old-growth forests that still clung tenaciously to the slopes of the Rockies. Here, in the heart of the conservation movement, Turner found his voice. He organized impassioned protests against the encroachment of industrial logging into pristine wilderness areas, rallying fellow activists and engaging in spirited debates with policymakers to secure legal protections for vulnerable habitats.

Turner’s efforts bore fruit when he successfully championed the establishment of a national park, a sanctuary for endangered species and ancient arboreal giants alike. This monumental achievement marked a turning point in his career, catapulting him onto the national stage as a formidable advocate for environmental stewardship. Yet, for Turner, the battle was far from over.

Beyond the realm of advocacy, Turner recognized the importance of fostering grassroots initiatives that empowered local communities to become stewards of their own natural heritage. He spearheaded community-driven tree-planting campaigns, where volunteers of all ages and backgrounds came together to replenish clear-cut forests with saplings carefully chosen to thrive in their native soil. These events not only restored ravaged landscapes but also nurtured a sense of collective responsibility and environmental consciousness among participants.

Turner’s philosophy was grounded in collaboration and inclusivity. He forged partnerships with indigenous groups, respecting their traditional ecological knowledge and integrating it into modern conservation practices. Through workshops and educational programs, he sought to bridge cultural divides and cultivate a shared vision of sustainability that embraced both ancient wisdom and contemporary science.

Despite setbacks and the ever-present challenges of balancing ecological imperatives with economic pressures, Turner remained an optimist at heart. He envisioned a future where society’s relentless drive for progress could coexist harmoniously with the imperatives of environmental preservation. To him, education was the cornerstone upon which this vision rested—a powerful tool that empowered individuals and communities alike to become guardians of the natural world.

In Turner’s eyes, the path forward lay not in standing apart but in standing together—united in purpose, guided by knowledge, and inspired by the enduring beauty of the forests that shaped his life’s journey.

The highlighted paragraph primarily serves to: 

Item 15

SOCIAL SCIENCE: “Rooted in Nature: A Life of Conservation”

Growing up in the remote town of Timbercrest, nestled deep within the majestic Canadian Rockies, Jackson Turner’s early years were steeped in the rhythms of nature. From a tender age, he found himself immersed in the towering forests that surrounded his home, where the whispering pines and ancient cedars became his playground. His father, a weathered logger with a weather-beaten face and calloused hands, imparted to him a profound respect for the land. It was under his father’s patient guidance that Turner first learned to distinguish between the sturdy Douglas firs and the resilient lodgepole pines, and to appreciate the delicate equilibrium between sustainable logging practices and environmental preservation.

As Turner ventured into his teenage years, his fascination with the wilderness deepened, leading him to volunteer at Timbercrest’s local wildlife sanctuary. Here, amidst the serene sanctity of the forest refuge, he encountered biologists and conservationists who opened his eyes to the intricate web of life that flourished within these hallowed groves. It was within the sanctuary’s rustic cabins and along its tranquil trails that Turner began to grasp the profound interconnections between diverse ecosystems and the urgent need for stewardship.

Determined to channel his passion into action, Turner pursued a rigorous course of study in environmental science upon graduating high school. His academic journey took him to the University of British Columbia, where he delved into the complexities of forestry management and biodiversity conservation. Despite skepticism from peers and even well-meaning family members who questioned the viability of a career in an industry undergoing rapid transformation, Turner’s commitment to safeguarding the natural world remained resolute.

Armed with his newly minted degree, Turner embarked on a career path that merged advocacy with activism. He joined forces with a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving the dwindling remnants of old-growth forests that still clung tenaciously to the slopes of the Rockies. Here, in the heart of the conservation movement, Turner found his voice. He organized impassioned protests against the encroachment of industrial logging into pristine wilderness areas, rallying fellow activists and engaging in spirited debates with policymakers to secure legal protections for vulnerable habitats.

Turner’s efforts bore fruit when he successfully championed the establishment of a national park, a sanctuary for endangered species and ancient arboreal giants alike. This monumental achievement marked a turning point in his career, catapulting him onto the national stage as a formidable advocate for environmental stewardship. Yet, for Turner, the battle was far from over.

Beyond the realm of advocacy, Turner recognized the importance of fostering grassroots initiatives that empowered local communities to become stewards of their own natural heritage. He spearheaded community-driven tree-planting campaigns, where volunteers of all ages and backgrounds came together to replenish clear-cut forests with saplings carefully chosen to thrive in their native soil. These events not only restored ravaged landscapes but also nurtured a sense of collective responsibility and environmental consciousness among participants.

Turner’s philosophy was grounded in collaboration and inclusivity. He forged partnerships with indigenous groups, respecting their traditional ecological knowledge and integrating it into modern conservation practices. Through workshops and educational programs, he sought to bridge cultural divides and cultivate a shared vision of sustainability that embraced both ancient wisdom and contemporary science.

Despite setbacks and the ever-present challenges of balancing ecological imperatives with economic pressures, Turner remained an optimist at heart. He envisioned a future where society’s relentless drive for progress could coexist harmoniously with the imperatives of environmental preservation. To him, education was the cornerstone upon which this vision rested—a powerful tool that empowered individuals and communities alike to become guardians of the natural world.

In Turner’s eyes, the path forward lay not in standing apart but in standing together—united in purpose, guided by knowledge, and inspired by the enduring beauty of the forests that shaped his life’s journey.

Why does the author describe Turner’s collaboration with indigenous groups?

Item 16

SOCIAL SCIENCE: “Rooted in Nature: A Life of Conservation”

Growing up in the remote town of Timbercrest, nestled deep within the majestic Canadian Rockies, Jackson Turner’s early years were steeped in the rhythms of nature. From a tender age, he found himself immersed in the towering forests that surrounded his home, where the whispering pines and ancient cedars became his playground. His father, a weathered logger with a weather-beaten face and calloused hands, imparted to him a profound respect for the land. It was under his father’s patient guidance that Turner first learned to distinguish between the sturdy Douglas firs and the resilient lodgepole pines, and to appreciate the delicate equilibrium between sustainable logging practices and environmental preservation.

As Turner ventured into his teenage years, his fascination with the wilderness deepened, leading him to volunteer at Timbercrest’s local wildlife sanctuary. Here, amidst the serene sanctity of the forest refuge, he encountered biologists and conservationists who opened his eyes to the intricate web of life that flourished within these hallowed groves. It was within the sanctuary’s rustic cabins and along its tranquil trails that Turner began to grasp the profound interconnections between diverse ecosystems and the urgent need for stewardship.

Determined to channel his passion into action, Turner pursued a rigorous course of study in environmental science upon graduating high school. His academic journey took him to the University of British Columbia, where he delved into the complexities of forestry management and biodiversity conservation. Despite skepticism from peers and even well-meaning family members who questioned the viability of a career in an industry undergoing rapid transformation, Turner’s commitment to safeguarding the natural world remained resolute.

Armed with his newly minted degree, Turner embarked on a career path that merged advocacy with activism. He joined forces with a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving the dwindling remnants of old-growth forests that still clung tenaciously to the slopes of the Rockies. Here, in the heart of the conservation movement, Turner found his voice. He organized impassioned protests against the encroachment of industrial logging into pristine wilderness areas, rallying fellow activists and engaging in spirited debates with policymakers to secure legal protections for vulnerable habitats.

Turner’s efforts bore fruit when he successfully championed the establishment of a national park, a sanctuary for endangered species and ancient arboreal giants alike. This monumental achievement marked a turning point in his career, catapulting him onto the national stage as a formidable advocate for environmental stewardship. Yet, for Turner, the battle was far from over.

Beyond the realm of advocacy, Turner recognized the importance of fostering grassroots initiatives that empowered local communities to become stewards of their own natural heritage. He spearheaded community-driven tree-planting campaigns, where volunteers of all ages and backgrounds came together to replenish clear-cut forests with saplings carefully chosen to thrive in their native soil. These events not only restored ravaged landscapes but also nurtured a sense of collective responsibility and environmental consciousness among participants.

Turner’s philosophy was grounded in collaboration and inclusivity. He forged partnerships with indigenous groups, respecting their traditional ecological knowledge and integrating it into modern conservation practices. Through workshops and educational programs, he sought to bridge cultural divides and cultivate a shared vision of sustainability that embraced both ancient wisdom and contemporary science.

Despite setbacks and the ever-present challenges of balancing ecological imperatives with economic pressures, Turner remained an optimist at heart. He envisioned a future where society’s relentless drive for progress could coexist harmoniously with the imperatives of environmental preservation. To him, education was the cornerstone upon which this vision rested—a powerful tool that empowered individuals and communities alike to become guardians of the natural world.

In Turner’s eyes, the path forward lay not in standing apart but in standing together—united in purpose, guided by knowledge, and inspired by the enduring beauty of the forests that shaped his life’s journey.

According to the passage, what is a core aspect of Turner’s philosophy regarding environmental conservation?

Item 17

SOCIAL SCIENCE: “Rooted in Nature: A Life of Conservation”

Growing up in the remote town of Timbercrest, nestled deep within the majestic Canadian Rockies, Jackson Turner’s early years were steeped in the rhythms of nature. From a tender age, he found himself immersed in the towering forests that surrounded his home, where the whispering pines and ancient cedars became his playground. His father, a weathered logger with a weather-beaten face and calloused hands, imparted to him a profound respect for the land. It was under his father’s patient guidance that Turner first learned to distinguish between the sturdy Douglas firs and the resilient lodgepole pines, and to appreciate the delicate equilibrium between sustainable logging practices and environmental preservation.

As Turner ventured into his teenage years, his fascination with the wilderness deepened, leading him to volunteer at Timbercrest’s local wildlife sanctuary. Here, amidst the serene sanctity of the forest refuge, he encountered biologists and conservationists who opened his eyes to the intricate web of life that flourished within these hallowed groves. It was within the sanctuary’s rustic cabins and along its tranquil trails that Turner began to grasp the profound interconnections between diverse ecosystems and the urgent need for stewardship.

Determined to channel his passion into action, Turner pursued a rigorous course of study in environmental science upon graduating high school. His academic journey took him to the University of British Columbia, where he delved into the complexities of forestry management and biodiversity conservation. Despite skepticism from peers and even well-meaning family members who questioned the viability of a career in an industry undergoing rapid transformation, Turner’s commitment to safeguarding the natural world remained resolute.

Armed with his newly minted degree, Turner embarked on a career path that merged advocacy with activism. He joined forces with a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving the dwindling remnants of old-growth forests that still clung tenaciously to the slopes of the Rockies. Here, in the heart of the conservation movement, Turner found his voice. He organized impassioned protests against the encroachment of industrial logging into pristine wilderness areas, rallying fellow activists and engaging in spirited debates with policymakers to secure legal protections for vulnerable habitats.

Turner’s efforts bore fruit when he successfully championed the establishment of a national park, a sanctuary for endangered species and ancient arboreal giants alike. This monumental achievement marked a turning point in his career, catapulting him onto the national stage as a formidable advocate for environmental stewardship. Yet, for Turner, the battle was far from over.

Beyond the realm of advocacy, Turner recognized the importance of fostering grassroots initiatives that empowered local communities to become stewards of their own natural heritage. He spearheaded community-driven tree-planting campaigns, where volunteers of all ages and backgrounds came together to replenish clear-cut forests with saplings carefully chosen to thrive in their native soil. These events not only restored ravaged landscapes but also nurtured a sense of collective responsibility and environmental consciousness among participants.

Turner’s philosophy was grounded in collaboration and inclusivity. He forged partnerships with indigenous groups, respecting their traditional ecological knowledge and integrating it into modern conservation practices. Through workshops and educational programs, he sought to bridge cultural divides and cultivate a shared vision of sustainability that embraced both ancient wisdom and contemporary science.

Despite setbacks and the ever-present challenges of balancing ecological imperatives with economic pressures, Turner remained an optimist at heart. He envisioned a future where society’s relentless drive for progress could coexist harmoniously with the imperatives of environmental preservation. To him, education was the cornerstone upon which this vision rested—a powerful tool that empowered individuals and communities alike to become guardians of the natural world.

In Turner’s eyes, the path forward lay not in standing apart but in standing together—united in purpose, guided by knowledge, and inspired by the enduring beauty of the forests that shaped his life’s journey.

According to the passage, what pivotal role did Turner play in environmental advocacy?

Item 18

SOCIAL SCIENCE: “Rooted in Nature: A Life of Conservation”

Growing up in the remote town of Timbercrest, nestled deep within the majestic Canadian Rockies, Jackson Turner’s early years were steeped in the rhythms of nature. From a tender age, he found himself immersed in the towering forests that surrounded his home, where the whispering pines and ancient cedars became his playground. His father, a weathered logger with a weather-beaten face and calloused hands, imparted to him a profound respect for the land. It was under his father’s patient guidance that Turner first learned to distinguish between the sturdy Douglas firs and the resilient lodgepole pines, and to appreciate the delicate equilibrium between sustainable logging practices and environmental preservation.

As Turner ventured into his teenage years, his fascination with the wilderness deepened, leading him to volunteer at Timbercrest’s local wildlife sanctuary. Here, amidst the serene sanctity of the forest refuge, he encountered biologists and conservationists who opened his eyes to the intricate web of life that flourished within these hallowed groves. It was within the sanctuary’s rustic cabins and along its tranquil trails that Turner began to grasp the profound interconnections between diverse ecosystems and the urgent need for stewardship.

Determined to channel his passion into action, Turner pursued a rigorous course of study in environmental science upon graduating high school. His academic journey took him to the University of British Columbia, where he delved into the complexities of forestry management and biodiversity conservation. Despite skepticism from peers and even well-meaning family members who questioned the viability of a career in an industry undergoing rapid transformation, Turner’s commitment to safeguarding the natural world remained resolute.

Armed with his newly minted degree, Turner embarked on a career path that merged advocacy with activism. He joined forces with a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving the dwindling remnants of old-growth forests that still clung tenaciously to the slopes of the Rockies. Here, in the heart of the conservation movement, Turner found his voice. He organized impassioned protests against the encroachment of industrial logging into pristine wilderness areas, rallying fellow activists and engaging in spirited debates with policymakers to secure legal protections for vulnerable habitats.

Turner’s efforts bore fruit when he successfully championed the establishment of a national park, a sanctuary for endangered species and ancient arboreal giants alike. This monumental achievement marked a turning point in his career, catapulting him onto the national stage as a formidable advocate for environmental stewardship. Yet, for Turner, the battle was far from over.

Beyond the realm of advocacy, Turner recognized the importance of fostering grassroots initiatives that empowered local communities to become stewards of their own natural heritage. He spearheaded community-driven tree-planting campaigns, where volunteers of all ages and backgrounds came together to replenish clear-cut forests with saplings carefully chosen to thrive in their native soil. These events not only restored ravaged landscapes but also nurtured a sense of collective responsibility and environmental consciousness among participants.

Turner’s philosophy was grounded in collaboration and inclusivity. He forged partnerships with indigenous groups, respecting their traditional ecological knowledge and integrating it into modern conservation practices. Through workshops and educational programs, he sought to bridge cultural divides and cultivate a shared vision of sustainability that embraced both ancient wisdom and contemporary science.

Despite setbacks and the ever-present challenges of balancing ecological imperatives with economic pressures, Turner remained an optimist at heart. He envisioned a future where society’s relentless drive for progress could coexist harmoniously with the imperatives of environmental preservation. To him, education was the cornerstone upon which this vision rested—a powerful tool that empowered individuals and communities alike to become guardians of the natural world.

In Turner’s eyes, the path forward lay not in standing apart but in standing together—united in purpose, guided by knowledge, and inspired by the enduring beauty of the forests that shaped his life’s journey.

Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?

Item 19

HUMANITIES: Passages A and B are original compositions that discuss well-known concepts related to storytelling and literary theory.

Passage A by Emily Carter

The art of storytelling has long been a cornerstone of cultural expression, serving as a means of passing down traditions, values, and lessons from one generation to the next. In societies that relied heavily on oral traditions, storytelling was not merely a form of entertainment but a sacred act, binding communities together and preserving their collective memory. The storyteller, often revered as a custodian of cultural heritage, used vivid imagery, metaphor, and rhythm to captivate listeners and ensure that the tales were remembered.

However, with the advent of written language, the role of storytelling began to shift. Written texts allowed stories to be preserved indefinitely, reaching audiences far beyond the immediate community. Yet, this permanence came at a cost. The intimacy and adaptability of oral storytelling—the ability to tailor a tale to the specific audience or context—was diminished. Written stories, though enduring, often lacked the dynamic, interactive quality of their oral counterparts.

Today, storytelling exists in multiple forms: oral, written, visual, and digital. Each medium offers distinct advantages. Oral storytelling remains powerful in settings that demand personal connection, while written stories provide a timeless quality. Visual media, such as film, adds depth through imagery and sound, while digital platforms democratize storytelling, allowing voices from diverse backgrounds to be heard. Despite these transformations, the essence of storytelling—a means of making sense of the human experience—remains unchanged.

Passage B by Samantha Reid

In his landmark essay The Death of the Author, Roland Barthes argued that the interpretation of a text should not be confined to the author’s intentions. Instead, he championed the role of the reader, asserting that a story’s meaning is co-created by its audience. This perspective challenges the traditional view that stories carry fixed meanings as determined by their creators.

Barthes’s ideas resonate in today’s participatory culture, where audiences often reinterpret and remix stories to suit their own purposes. From fanfiction to memes, modern storytelling blurs the lines between creator and consumer. For instance, a novel published decades ago may inspire a contemporary film adaptation that radically reimagines its themes and characters. This fluidity underscores Barthes’s claim that storytelling is inherently collaborative and continually evolving.

Critics of Barthes’s approach, however, contend that dismissing the author’s intent can lead to misinterpretation or a loss of context. They argue that understanding the creator’s background, historical moment, and purpose adds richness to the interpretation of a story. Without this grounding, they warn, stories risk being stripped of their original significance. Still, the debate underscores a central truth: storytelling is a dynamic process, shaped as much by its audience as by its creator.

The main idea of Passage A is that storytelling:

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HUMANITIES: Passages A and B are original compositions that discuss well-known concepts related to storytelling and literary theory.

Passage A by Emily Carter

The art of storytelling has long been a cornerstone of cultural expression, serving as a means of passing down traditions, values, and lessons from one generation to the next. In societies that relied heavily on oral traditions, storytelling was not merely a form of entertainment but a sacred act, binding communities together and preserving their collective memory. The storyteller, often revered as a custodian of cultural heritage, used vivid imagery, metaphor, and rhythm to captivate listeners and ensure that the tales were remembered.

However, with the advent of written language, the role of storytelling began to shift. Written texts allowed stories to be preserved indefinitely, reaching audiences far beyond the immediate community. Yet, this permanence came at a cost. The intimacy and adaptability of oral storytelling—the ability to tailor a tale to the specific audience or context—was diminished. Written stories, though enduring, often lacked the dynamic, interactive quality of their oral counterparts.

Today, storytelling exists in multiple forms: oral, written, visual, and digital. Each medium offers distinct advantages. Oral storytelling remains powerful in settings that demand personal connection, while written stories provide a timeless quality. Visual media, such as film, adds depth through imagery and sound, while digital platforms democratize storytelling, allowing voices from diverse backgrounds to be heard. Despite these transformations, the essence of storytelling—a means of making sense of the human experience—remains unchanged.

Passage B by Samantha Reid

In his landmark essay The Death of the Author, Roland Barthes argued that the interpretation of a text should not be confined to the author’s intentions. Instead, he championed the role of the reader, asserting that a story’s meaning is co-created by its audience. This perspective challenges the traditional view that stories carry fixed meanings as determined by their creators.

Barthes’s ideas resonate in today’s participatory culture, where audiences often reinterpret and remix stories to suit their own purposes. From fanfiction to memes, modern storytelling blurs the lines between creator and consumer. For instance, a novel published decades ago may inspire a contemporary film adaptation that radically reimagines its themes and characters. This fluidity underscores Barthes’s claim that storytelling is inherently collaborative and continually evolving.

Critics of Barthes’s approach, however, contend that dismissing the author’s intent can lead to misinterpretation or a loss of context. They argue that understanding the creator’s background, historical moment, and purpose adds richness to the interpretation of a story. Without this grounding, they warn, stories risk being stripped of their original significance. Still, the debate underscores a central truth: storytelling is a dynamic process, shaped as much by its audience as by its creator.

Based on Passage A, one limitation of written storytelling compared to oral storytelling is that it:

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HUMANITIES: Passages A and B are original compositions that discuss well-known concepts related to storytelling and literary theory.

Passage A by Emily Carter

The art of storytelling has long been a cornerstone of cultural expression, serving as a means of passing down traditions, values, and lessons from one generation to the next. In societies that relied heavily on oral traditions, storytelling was not merely a form of entertainment but a sacred act, binding communities together and preserving their collective memory. The storyteller, often revered as a custodian of cultural heritage, used vivid imagery, metaphor, and rhythm to captivate listeners and ensure that the tales were remembered.

However, with the advent of written language, the role of storytelling began to shift. Written texts allowed stories to be preserved indefinitely, reaching audiences far beyond the immediate community. Yet, this permanence came at a cost. The intimacy and adaptability of oral storytelling—the ability to tailor a tale to the specific audience or context—was diminished. Written stories, though enduring, often lacked the dynamic, interactive quality of their oral counterparts.

Today, storytelling exists in multiple forms: oral, written, visual, and digital. Each medium offers distinct advantages. Oral storytelling remains powerful in settings that demand personal connection, while written stories provide a timeless quality. Visual media, such as film, adds depth through imagery and sound, while digital platforms democratize storytelling, allowing voices from diverse backgrounds to be heard. Despite these transformations, the essence of storytelling—a means of making sense of the human experience—remains unchanged.

Passage B by Samantha Reid

In his landmark essay The Death of the Author, Roland Barthes argued that the interpretation of a text should not be confined to the author’s intentions. Instead, he championed the role of the reader, asserting that a story’s meaning is co-created by its audience. This perspective challenges the traditional view that stories carry fixed meanings as determined by their creators.

Barthes’s ideas resonate in today’s participatory culture, where audiences often reinterpret and remix stories to suit their own purposes. From fanfiction to memes, modern storytelling blurs the lines between creator and consumer. For instance, a novel published decades ago may inspire a contemporary film adaptation that radically reimagines its themes and characters. This fluidity underscores Barthes’s claim that storytelling is inherently collaborative and continually evolving.

Critics of Barthes’s approach, however, contend that dismissing the author’s intent can lead to misinterpretation or a loss of context. They argue that understanding the creator’s background, historical moment, and purpose adds richness to the interpretation of a story. Without this grounding, they warn, stories risk being stripped of their original significance. Still, the debate underscores a central truth: storytelling is a dynamic process, shaped as much by its audience as by its creator.

In Passage B, Barthes’s argument primarily emphasizes that storytelling:

Item 22

HUMANITIES: Passages A and B are original compositions that discuss well-known concepts related to storytelling and literary theory.

Passage A by Emily Carter

The art of storytelling has long been a cornerstone of cultural expression, serving as a means of passing down traditions, values, and lessons from one generation to the next. In societies that relied heavily on oral traditions, storytelling was not merely a form of entertainment but a sacred act, binding communities together and preserving their collective memory. The storyteller, often revered as a custodian of cultural heritage, used vivid imagery, metaphor, and rhythm to captivate listeners and ensure that the tales were remembered.

However, with the advent of written language, the role of storytelling began to shift. Written texts allowed stories to be preserved indefinitely, reaching audiences far beyond the immediate community. Yet, this permanence came at a cost. The intimacy and adaptability of oral storytelling—the ability to tailor a tale to the specific audience or context—was diminished. Written stories, though enduring, often lacked the dynamic, interactive quality of their oral counterparts.

Today, storytelling exists in multiple forms: oral, written, visual, and digital. Each medium offers distinct advantages. Oral storytelling remains powerful in settings that demand personal connection, while written stories provide a timeless quality. Visual media, such as film, adds depth through imagery and sound, while digital platforms democratize storytelling, allowing voices from diverse backgrounds to be heard. Despite these transformations, the essence of storytelling—a means of making sense of the human experience—remains unchanged.

Passage B by Samantha Reid

In his landmark essay The Death of the Author, Roland Barthes argued that the interpretation of a text should not be confined to the author’s intentions. Instead, he championed the role of the reader, asserting that a story’s meaning is co-created by its audience. This perspective challenges the traditional view that stories carry fixed meanings as determined by their creators.

Barthes’s ideas resonate in today’s participatory culture, where audiences often reinterpret and remix stories to suit their own purposes. From fanfiction to memes, modern storytelling blurs the lines between creator and consumer. For instance, a novel published decades ago may inspire a contemporary film adaptation that radically reimagines its themes and characters. This fluidity underscores Barthes’s claim that storytelling is inherently collaborative and continually evolving.

Critics of Barthes’s approach, however, contend that dismissing the author’s intent can lead to misinterpretation or a loss of context. They argue that understanding the creator’s background, historical moment, and purpose adds richness to the interpretation of a story. Without this grounding, they warn, stories risk being stripped of their original significance. Still, the debate underscores a central truth: storytelling is a dynamic process, shaped as much by its audience as by its creator.

According to Passage B, critics of Barthes’s theory argue that dismissing authorial intent can:

Item 23

HUMANITIES: Passages A and B are original compositions that discuss well-known concepts related to storytelling and literary theory.

Passage A by Emily Carter

The art of storytelling has long been a cornerstone of cultural expression, serving as a means of passing down traditions, values, and lessons from one generation to the next. In societies that relied heavily on oral traditions, storytelling was not merely a form of entertainment but a sacred act, binding communities together and preserving their collective memory. The storyteller, often revered as a custodian of cultural heritage, used vivid imagery, metaphor, and rhythm to captivate listeners and ensure that the tales were remembered.

However, with the advent of written language, the role of storytelling began to shift. Written texts allowed stories to be preserved indefinitely, reaching audiences far beyond the immediate community. Yet, this permanence came at a cost. The intimacy and adaptability of oral storytelling—the ability to tailor a tale to the specific audience or context—was diminished. Written stories, though enduring, often lacked the dynamic, interactive quality of their oral counterparts.

Today, storytelling exists in multiple forms: oral, written, visual, and digital. Each medium offers distinct advantages. Oral storytelling remains powerful in settings that demand personal connection, while written stories provide a timeless quality. Visual media, such as film, adds depth through imagery and sound, while digital platforms democratize storytelling, allowing voices from diverse backgrounds to be heard. Despite these transformations, the essence of storytelling—a means of making sense of the human experience—remains unchanged.

Passage B by Samantha Reid

In his landmark essay The Death of the Author, Roland Barthes argued that the interpretation of a text should not be confined to the author’s intentions. Instead, he championed the role of the reader, asserting that a story’s meaning is co-created by its audience. This perspective challenges the traditional view that stories carry fixed meanings as determined by their creators.

Barthes’s ideas resonate in today’s participatory culture, where audiences often reinterpret and remix stories to suit their own purposes. From fanfiction to memes, modern storytelling blurs the lines between creator and consumer. For instance, a novel published decades ago may inspire a contemporary film adaptation that radically reimagines its themes and characters. This fluidity underscores Barthes’s claim that storytelling is inherently collaborative and continually evolving.

Critics of Barthes’s approach, however, contend that dismissing the author’s intent can lead to misinterpretation or a loss of context. They argue that understanding the creator’s background, historical moment, and purpose adds richness to the interpretation of a story. Without this grounding, they warn, stories risk being stripped of their original significance. Still, the debate underscores a central truth: storytelling is a dynamic process, shaped as much by its audience as by its creator.

How does Passage B expand upon the ideas presented in Passage A?

Item 24

HUMANITIES: Passages A and B are original compositions that discuss well-known concepts related to storytelling and literary theory.

Passage A by Emily Carter

The art of storytelling has long been a cornerstone of cultural expression, serving as a means of passing down traditions, values, and lessons from one generation to the next. In societies that relied heavily on oral traditions, storytelling was not merely a form of entertainment but a sacred act, binding communities together and preserving their collective memory. The storyteller, often revered as a custodian of cultural heritage, used vivid imagery, metaphor, and rhythm to captivate listeners and ensure that the tales were remembered.

However, with the advent of written language, the role of storytelling began to shift. Written texts allowed stories to be preserved indefinitely, reaching audiences far beyond the immediate community. Yet, this permanence came at a cost. The intimacy and adaptability of oral storytelling—the ability to tailor a tale to the specific audience or context—was diminished. Written stories, though enduring, often lacked the dynamic, interactive quality of their oral counterparts.

Today, storytelling exists in multiple forms: oral, written, visual, and digital. Each medium offers distinct advantages. Oral storytelling remains powerful in settings that demand personal connection, while written stories provide a timeless quality. Visual media, such as film, adds depth through imagery and sound, while digital platforms democratize storytelling, allowing voices from diverse backgrounds to be heard. Despite these transformations, the essence of storytelling—a means of making sense of the human experience—remains unchanged.

Passage B by Samantha Reid

In his landmark essay The Death of the Author, Roland Barthes argued that the interpretation of a text should not be confined to the author’s intentions. Instead, he championed the role of the reader, asserting that a story’s meaning is co-created by its audience. This perspective challenges the traditional view that stories carry fixed meanings as determined by their creators.

Barthes’s ideas resonate in today’s participatory culture, where audiences often reinterpret and remix stories to suit their own purposes. From fanfiction to memes, modern storytelling blurs the lines between creator and consumer. For instance, a novel published decades ago may inspire a contemporary film adaptation that radically reimagines its themes and characters. This fluidity underscores Barthes’s claim that storytelling is inherently collaborative and continually evolving.

Critics of Barthes’s approach, however, contend that dismissing the author’s intent can lead to misinterpretation or a loss of context. They argue that understanding the creator’s background, historical moment, and purpose adds richness to the interpretation of a story. Without this grounding, they warn, stories risk being stripped of their original significance. Still, the debate underscores a central truth: storytelling is a dynamic process, shaped as much by its audience as by its creator.

A key difference between the perspectives of the two passages is that Passage A focuses on:

Item 25

HUMANITIES: Passages A and B are original compositions that discuss well-known concepts related to storytelling and literary theory.

Passage A by Emily Carter

The art of storytelling has long been a cornerstone of cultural expression, serving as a means of passing down traditions, values, and lessons from one generation to the next. In societies that relied heavily on oral traditions, storytelling was not merely a form of entertainment but a sacred act, binding communities together and preserving their collective memory. The storyteller, often revered as a custodian of cultural heritage, used vivid imagery, metaphor, and rhythm to captivate listeners and ensure that the tales were remembered.

However, with the advent of written language, the role of storytelling began to shift. Written texts allowed stories to be preserved indefinitely, reaching audiences far beyond the immediate community. Yet, this permanence came at a cost. The intimacy and adaptability of oral storytelling—the ability to tailor a tale to the specific audience or context—was diminished. Written stories, though enduring, often lacked the dynamic, interactive quality of their oral counterparts.

Today, storytelling exists in multiple forms: oral, written, visual, and digital. Each medium offers distinct advantages. Oral storytelling remains powerful in settings that demand personal connection, while written stories provide a timeless quality. Visual media, such as film, adds depth through imagery and sound, while digital platforms democratize storytelling, allowing voices from diverse backgrounds to be heard. Despite these transformations, the essence of storytelling—a means of making sense of the human experience—remains unchanged.

Passage B by Samantha Reid

In his landmark essay The Death of the Author, Roland Barthes argued that the interpretation of a text should not be confined to the author’s intentions. Instead, he championed the role of the reader, asserting that a story’s meaning is co-created by its audience. This perspective challenges the traditional view that stories carry fixed meanings as determined by their creators.

Barthes’s ideas resonate in today’s participatory culture, where audiences often reinterpret and remix stories to suit their own purposes. From fanfiction to memes, modern storytelling blurs the lines between creator and consumer. For instance, a novel published decades ago may inspire a contemporary film adaptation that radically reimagines its themes and characters. This fluidity underscores Barthes’s claim that storytelling is inherently collaborative and continually evolving.

Critics of Barthes’s approach, however, contend that dismissing the author’s intent can lead to misinterpretation or a loss of context. They argue that understanding the creator’s background, historical moment, and purpose adds richness to the interpretation of a story. Without this grounding, they warn, stories risk being stripped of their original significance. Still, the debate underscores a central truth: storytelling is a dynamic process, shaped as much by its audience as by its creator.

Which of the following ideas is supported by both passages?

Item 26

HUMANITIES: Passages A and B are original compositions that discuss well-known concepts related to storytelling and literary theory.

Passage A by Emily Carter

The art of storytelling has long been a cornerstone of cultural expression, serving as a means of passing down traditions, values, and lessons from one generation to the next. In societies that relied heavily on oral traditions, storytelling was not merely a form of entertainment but a sacred act, binding communities together and preserving their collective memory. The storyteller, often revered as a custodian of cultural heritage, used vivid imagery, metaphor, and rhythm to captivate listeners and ensure that the tales were remembered.

However, with the advent of written language, the role of storytelling began to shift. Written texts allowed stories to be preserved indefinitely, reaching audiences far beyond the immediate community. Yet, this permanence came at a cost. The intimacy and adaptability of oral storytelling—the ability to tailor a tale to the specific audience or context—was diminished. Written stories, though enduring, often lacked the dynamic, interactive quality of their oral counterparts.

Today, storytelling exists in multiple forms: oral, written, visual, and digital. Each medium offers distinct advantages. Oral storytelling remains powerful in settings that demand personal connection, while written stories provide a timeless quality. Visual media, such as film, adds depth through imagery and sound, while digital platforms democratize storytelling, allowing voices from diverse backgrounds to be heard. Despite these transformations, the essence of storytelling—a means of making sense of the human experience—remains unchanged.

Passage B by Samantha Reid

In his landmark essay The Death of the Author, Roland Barthes argued that the interpretation of a text should not be confined to the author’s intentions. Instead, he championed the role of the reader, asserting that a story’s meaning is co-created by its audience. This perspective challenges the traditional view that stories carry fixed meanings as determined by their creators.

Barthes’s ideas resonate in today’s participatory culture, where audiences often reinterpret and remix stories to suit their own purposes. From fanfiction to memes, modern storytelling blurs the lines between creator and consumer. For instance, a novel published decades ago may inspire a contemporary film adaptation that radically reimagines its themes and characters. This fluidity underscores Barthes’s claim that storytelling is inherently collaborative and continually evolving.

Critics of Barthes’s approach, however, contend that dismissing the author’s intent can lead to misinterpretation or a loss of context. They argue that understanding the creator’s background, historical moment, and purpose adds richness to the interpretation of a story. Without this grounding, they warn, stories risk being stripped of their original significance. Still, the debate underscores a central truth: storytelling is a dynamic process, shaped as much by its audience as by its creator.

The author of Passage A would most likely respond to Barthes’s theory in Passage B by stating that:

Item 27

HUMANITIES: Passages A and B are original compositions that discuss well-known concepts related to storytelling and literary theory.

Passage A by Emily Carter

The art of storytelling has long been a cornerstone of cultural expression, serving as a means of passing down traditions, values, and lessons from one generation to the next. In societies that relied heavily on oral traditions, storytelling was not merely a form of entertainment but a sacred act, binding communities together and preserving their collective memory. The storyteller, often revered as a custodian of cultural heritage, used vivid imagery, metaphor, and rhythm to captivate listeners and ensure that the tales were remembered.

However, with the advent of written language, the role of storytelling began to shift. Written texts allowed stories to be preserved indefinitely, reaching audiences far beyond the immediate community. Yet, this permanence came at a cost. The intimacy and adaptability of oral storytelling—the ability to tailor a tale to the specific audience or context—was diminished. Written stories, though enduring, often lacked the dynamic, interactive quality of their oral counterparts.

Today, storytelling exists in multiple forms: oral, written, visual, and digital. Each medium offers distinct advantages. Oral storytelling remains powerful in settings that demand personal connection, while written stories provide a timeless quality. Visual media, such as film, adds depth through imagery and sound, while digital platforms democratize storytelling, allowing voices from diverse backgrounds to be heard. Despite these transformations, the essence of storytelling—a means of making sense of the human experience—remains unchanged.

Passage B by Samantha Reid

In his landmark essay The Death of the Author, Roland Barthes argued that the interpretation of a text should not be confined to the author’s intentions. Instead, he championed the role of the reader, asserting that a story’s meaning is co-created by its audience. This perspective challenges the traditional view that stories carry fixed meanings as determined by their creators.

Barthes’s ideas resonate in today’s participatory culture, where audiences often reinterpret and remix stories to suit their own purposes. From fanfiction to memes, modern storytelling blurs the lines between creator and consumer. For instance, a novel published decades ago may inspire a contemporary film adaptation that radically reimagines its themes and characters. This fluidity underscores Barthes’s claim that storytelling is inherently collaborative and continually evolving.

Critics of Barthes’s approach, however, contend that dismissing the author’s intent can lead to misinterpretation or a loss of context. They argue that understanding the creator’s background, historical moment, and purpose adds richness to the interpretation of a story. Without this grounding, they warn, stories risk being stripped of their original significance. Still, the debate underscores a central truth: storytelling is a dynamic process, shaped as much by its audience as by its creator.

Which of the following best describes a shared theme of the two passages?

Item 28

NATURAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from “The Wonders of Bird Migration” by Jane Albright (©2021 by Jane Albright).

Bird migration is one of nature’s most fascinating phenomena, showcasing incredible adaptations and strategies. Birds migrate to exploit seasonal resources, optimize breeding opportunities, and avoid harsh weather conditions. The timing and patterns of migration are influenced by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental cues.

Many bird species travel thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds. For example, the Arctic Tern undertakes the longest migration of any bird, flying from its breeding grounds in the Arctic to its wintering grounds in Antarctica, covering approximately 25,000 miles annually. This feat is made possible by several remarkable adaptations. Arctic Terns have an aerodynamic body shape that reduces air resistance and energy expenditure during flight. Their long, pointed wings enable efficient gliding over vast distances, while a high number of mitochondria in their muscle cells enhances endurance by providing a continuous supply of energy. 

Other species, like the Bar-tailed Godwit, have adapted to undertake non-stop flights over extensive distances. Bar-tailed Godwits can fly more than 7,000 miles without stopping, a journey from Alaska to New Zealand. This extraordinary endurance is supported by their ability to store large amounts of fat as energy reserves. Before migration, these birds undergo hyperphagia, a period of intense feeding to accumulate the necessary fat. Additionally, they can reduce the size of non-essential organs, like the liver and kidneys, to decrease body weight and improve flight efficiency.

Navigational abilities are crucial for successful migration. Birds use a variety of cues to navigate, including the sun, stars, Earth’s magnetic field, and visual landmarks. The Blackpoll Warbler, for instance, relies on a combination of celestial navigation and geomagnetic cues to find its way from North America to South America. Remarkably, even juvenile birds making their first migration can navigate accurately without prior experience, suggesting a strong genetic component to these navigational skills.

Migration poses significant risks and challenges, including predation, adverse weather, and habitat loss. Birds must strategically choose their stopover sites to rest and refuel. The Delaware Bay, for example, is a critical stopover for many shorebirds, like the Red Knot, which times its migration to coincide with the spawning of horseshoe crabs, providing a rich food source of crab eggs.

Conservation efforts are vital to protect migratory birds and their habitats. Climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution threaten the delicate balance of migratory systems. Conservation initiatives aim to preserve crucial habitats, like breeding and stopover sites, and address global issues like climate change that impact migratory patterns. For example, international agreements like the Ramsar Convention protect wetlands used by migratory birds, while research organizations collaborate to track migratory routes and identify critical areas for intervention.

Understanding bird migration not only enriches our appreciation of nature but also underscores the interconnectedness of ecosystems across the globe. Through ongoing research and conservation efforts, we can help ensure that these extraordinary journeys continue to inspire and awe future generations.

The primary purpose of the passage is to:

Item 29

NATURAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from “The Wonders of Bird Migration” by Jane Albright (©2021 by Jane Albright).

Bird migration is one of nature’s most fascinating phenomena, showcasing incredible adaptations and strategies. Birds migrate to exploit seasonal resources, optimize breeding opportunities, and avoid harsh weather conditions. The timing and patterns of migration are influenced by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental cues.

Many bird species travel thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds. For example, the Arctic Tern undertakes the longest migration of any bird, flying from its breeding grounds in the Arctic to its wintering grounds in Antarctica, covering approximately 25,000 miles annually. This feat is made possible by several remarkable adaptations. Arctic Terns have an aerodynamic body shape that reduces air resistance and energy expenditure during flight. Their long, pointed wings enable efficient gliding over vast distances, while a high number of mitochondria in their muscle cells enhances endurance by providing a continuous supply of energy. 

Other species, like the Bar-tailed Godwit, have adapted to undertake non-stop flights over extensive distances. Bar-tailed Godwits can fly more than 7,000 miles without stopping, a journey from Alaska to New Zealand. This extraordinary endurance is supported by their ability to store large amounts of fat as energy reserves. Before migration, these birds undergo hyperphagia, a period of intense feeding to accumulate the necessary fat. Additionally, they can reduce the size of non-essential organs, like the liver and kidneys, to decrease body weight and improve flight efficiency.

Navigational abilities are crucial for successful migration. Birds use a variety of cues to navigate, including the sun, stars, Earth’s magnetic field, and visual landmarks. The Blackpoll Warbler, for instance, relies on a combination of celestial navigation and geomagnetic cues to find its way from North America to South America. Remarkably, even juvenile birds making their first migration can navigate accurately without prior experience, suggesting a strong genetic component to these navigational skills.

Migration poses significant risks and challenges, including predation, adverse weather, and habitat loss. Birds must strategically choose their stopover sites to rest and refuel. The Delaware Bay, for example, is a critical stopover for many shorebirds, like the Red Knot, which times its migration to coincide with the spawning of horseshoe crabs, providing a rich food source of crab eggs.

Conservation efforts are vital to protect migratory birds and their habitats. Climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution threaten the delicate balance of migratory systems. Conservation initiatives aim to preserve crucial habitats, like breeding and stopover sites, and address global issues like climate change that impact migratory patterns. For example, international agreements like the Ramsar Convention protect wetlands used by migratory birds, while research organizations collaborate to track migratory routes and identify critical areas for intervention.

Understanding bird migration not only enriches our appreciation of nature but also underscores the interconnectedness of ecosystems across the globe. Through ongoing research and conservation efforts, we can help ensure that these extraordinary journeys continue to inspire and awe future generations.

The passage suggests that the ability of juvenile birds to navigate accurately on their first migration is due to:

Item 30

NATURAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from “The Wonders of Bird Migration” by Jane Albright (©2021 by Jane Albright).

Bird migration is one of nature’s most fascinating phenomena, showcasing incredible adaptations and strategies. Birds migrate to exploit seasonal resources, optimize breeding opportunities, and avoid harsh weather conditions. The timing and patterns of migration are influenced by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental cues.

Many bird species travel thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds. For example, the Arctic Tern undertakes the longest migration of any bird, flying from its breeding grounds in the Arctic to its wintering grounds in Antarctica, covering approximately 25,000 miles annually. This feat is made possible by several remarkable adaptations. Arctic Terns have an aerodynamic body shape that reduces air resistance and energy expenditure during flight. Their long, pointed wings enable efficient gliding over vast distances, while a high number of mitochondria in their muscle cells enhances endurance by providing a continuous supply of energy. 

Other species, like the Bar-tailed Godwit, have adapted to undertake non-stop flights over extensive distances. Bar-tailed Godwits can fly more than 7,000 miles without stopping, a journey from Alaska to New Zealand. This extraordinary endurance is supported by their ability to store large amounts of fat as energy reserves. Before migration, these birds undergo hyperphagia, a period of intense feeding to accumulate the necessary fat. Additionally, they can reduce the size of non-essential organs, like the liver and kidneys, to decrease body weight and improve flight efficiency.

Navigational abilities are crucial for successful migration. Birds use a variety of cues to navigate, including the sun, stars, Earth’s magnetic field, and visual landmarks. The Blackpoll Warbler, for instance, relies on a combination of celestial navigation and geomagnetic cues to find its way from North America to South America. Remarkably, even juvenile birds making their first migration can navigate accurately without prior experience, suggesting a strong genetic component to these navigational skills.

Migration poses significant risks and challenges, including predation, adverse weather, and habitat loss. Birds must strategically choose their stopover sites to rest and refuel. The Delaware Bay, for example, is a critical stopover for many shorebirds, like the Red Knot, which times its migration to coincide with the spawning of horseshoe crabs, providing a rich food source of crab eggs.

Conservation efforts are vital to protect migratory birds and their habitats. Climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution threaten the delicate balance of migratory systems. Conservation initiatives aim to preserve crucial habitats, like breeding and stopover sites, and address global issues like climate change that impact migratory patterns. For example, international agreements like the Ramsar Convention protect wetlands used by migratory birds, while research organizations collaborate to track migratory routes and identify critical areas for intervention.

Understanding bird migration not only enriches our appreciation of nature but also underscores the interconnectedness of ecosystems across the globe. Through ongoing research and conservation efforts, we can help ensure that these extraordinary journeys continue to inspire and awe future generations.

In the context of the passage, the highlighted statement mainly serves to:  

Item 31

NATURAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from “The Wonders of Bird Migration” by Jane Albright (©2021 by Jane Albright).

Bird migration is one of nature’s most fascinating phenomena, showcasing incredible adaptations and strategies. Birds migrate to exploit seasonal resources, optimize breeding opportunities, and avoid harsh weather conditions. The timing and patterns of migration are influenced by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental cues.

Many bird species travel thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds. For example, the Arctic Tern undertakes the longest migration of any bird, flying from its breeding grounds in the Arctic to its wintering grounds in Antarctica, covering approximately 25,000 miles annually. This feat is made possible by several remarkable adaptations. Arctic Terns have an aerodynamic body shape that reduces air resistance and energy expenditure during flight. Their long, pointed wings enable efficient gliding over vast distances, while a high number of mitochondria in their muscle cells enhances endurance by providing a continuous supply of energy. 

Other species, like the Bar-tailed Godwit, have adapted to undertake non-stop flights over extensive distances. Bar-tailed Godwits can fly more than 7,000 miles without stopping, a journey from Alaska to New Zealand. This extraordinary endurance is supported by their ability to store large amounts of fat as energy reserves. Before migration, these birds undergo hyperphagia, a period of intense feeding to accumulate the necessary fat. Additionally, they can reduce the size of non-essential organs, like the liver and kidneys, to decrease body weight and improve flight efficiency.

Navigational abilities are crucial for successful migration. Birds use a variety of cues to navigate, including the sun, stars, Earth’s magnetic field, and visual landmarks. The Blackpoll Warbler, for instance, relies on a combination of celestial navigation and geomagnetic cues to find its way from North America to South America. Remarkably, even juvenile birds making their first migration can navigate accurately without prior experience, suggesting a strong genetic component to these navigational skills.

Migration poses significant risks and challenges, including predation, adverse weather, and habitat loss. Birds must strategically choose their stopover sites to rest and refuel. The Delaware Bay, for example, is a critical stopover for many shorebirds, like the Red Knot, which times its migration to coincide with the spawning of horseshoe crabs, providing a rich food source of crab eggs.

Conservation efforts are vital to protect migratory birds and their habitats. Climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution threaten the delicate balance of migratory systems. Conservation initiatives aim to preserve crucial habitats, like breeding and stopover sites, and address global issues like climate change that impact migratory patterns. For example, international agreements like the Ramsar Convention protect wetlands used by migratory birds, while research organizations collaborate to track migratory routes and identify critical areas for intervention.

Understanding bird migration not only enriches our appreciation of nature but also underscores the interconnectedness of ecosystems across the globe. Through ongoing research and conservation efforts, we can help ensure that these extraordinary journeys continue to inspire and awe future generations.

According to the passage, which of the following actions do migratory birds take to navigate accurately?

Item 32

NATURAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from “The Wonders of Bird Migration” by Jane Albright (©2021 by Jane Albright).

Bird migration is one of nature’s most fascinating phenomena, showcasing incredible adaptations and strategies. Birds migrate to exploit seasonal resources, optimize breeding opportunities, and avoid harsh weather conditions. The timing and patterns of migration are influenced by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental cues.

Many bird species travel thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds. For example, the Arctic Tern undertakes the longest migration of any bird, flying from its breeding grounds in the Arctic to its wintering grounds in Antarctica, covering approximately 25,000 miles annually. This feat is made possible by several remarkable adaptations. Arctic Terns have an aerodynamic body shape that reduces air resistance and energy expenditure during flight. Their long, pointed wings enable efficient gliding over vast distances, while a high number of mitochondria in their muscle cells enhances endurance by providing a continuous supply of energy. 

Other species, like the Bar-tailed Godwit, have adapted to undertake non-stop flights over extensive distances. Bar-tailed Godwits can fly more than 7,000 miles without stopping, a journey from Alaska to New Zealand. This extraordinary endurance is supported by their ability to store large amounts of fat as energy reserves. Before migration, these birds undergo hyperphagia, a period of intense feeding to accumulate the necessary fat. Additionally, they can reduce the size of non-essential organs, like the liver and kidneys, to decrease body weight and improve flight efficiency.

Navigational abilities are crucial for successful migration. Birds use a variety of cues to navigate, including the sun, stars, Earth’s magnetic field, and visual landmarks. The Blackpoll Warbler, for instance, relies on a combination of celestial navigation and geomagnetic cues to find its way from North America to South America. Remarkably, even juvenile birds making their first migration can navigate accurately without prior experience, suggesting a strong genetic component to these navigational skills.

Migration poses significant risks and challenges, including predation, adverse weather, and habitat loss. Birds must strategically choose their stopover sites to rest and refuel. The Delaware Bay, for example, is a critical stopover for many shorebirds, like the Red Knot, which times its migration to coincide with the spawning of horseshoe crabs, providing a rich food source of crab eggs.

Conservation efforts are vital to protect migratory birds and their habitats. Climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution threaten the delicate balance of migratory systems. Conservation initiatives aim to preserve crucial habitats, like breeding and stopover sites, and address global issues like climate change that impact migratory patterns. For example, international agreements like the Ramsar Convention protect wetlands used by migratory birds, while research organizations collaborate to track migratory routes and identify critical areas for intervention.

Understanding bird migration not only enriches our appreciation of nature but also underscores the interconnectedness of ecosystems across the globe. Through ongoing research and conservation efforts, we can help ensure that these extraordinary journeys continue to inspire and awe future generations.

In the context of the passage, the highlighted text provides support for the claim that:

Item 33

NATURAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from “The Wonders of Bird Migration” by Jane Albright (©2021 by Jane Albright).

Bird migration is one of nature’s most fascinating phenomena, showcasing incredible adaptations and strategies. Birds migrate to exploit seasonal resources, optimize breeding opportunities, and avoid harsh weather conditions. The timing and patterns of migration are influenced by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental cues.

Many bird species travel thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds. For example, the Arctic Tern undertakes the longest migration of any bird, flying from its breeding grounds in the Arctic to its wintering grounds in Antarctica, covering approximately 25,000 miles annually. This feat is made possible by several remarkable adaptations. Arctic Terns have an aerodynamic body shape that reduces air resistance and energy expenditure during flight. Their long, pointed wings enable efficient gliding over vast distances, while a high number of mitochondria in their muscle cells enhances endurance by providing a continuous supply of energy. 

Other species, like the Bar-tailed Godwit, have adapted to undertake non-stop flights over extensive distances. Bar-tailed Godwits can fly more than 7,000 miles without stopping, a journey from Alaska to New Zealand. This extraordinary endurance is supported by their ability to store large amounts of fat as energy reserves. Before migration, these birds undergo hyperphagia, a period of intense feeding to accumulate the necessary fat. Additionally, they can reduce the size of non-essential organs, like the liver and kidneys, to decrease body weight and improve flight efficiency.

Navigational abilities are crucial for successful migration. Birds use a variety of cues to navigate, including the sun, stars, Earth’s magnetic field, and visual landmarks. The Blackpoll Warbler, for instance, relies on a combination of celestial navigation and geomagnetic cues to find its way from North America to South America. Remarkably, even juvenile birds making their first migration can navigate accurately without prior experience, suggesting a strong genetic component to these navigational skills.

Migration poses significant risks and challenges, including predation, adverse weather, and habitat loss. Birds must strategically choose their stopover sites to rest and refuel. The Delaware Bay, for example, is a critical stopover for many shorebirds, like the Red Knot, which times its migration to coincide with the spawning of horseshoe crabs, providing a rich food source of crab eggs.

Conservation efforts are vital to protect migratory birds and their habitats. Climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution threaten the delicate balance of migratory systems. Conservation initiatives aim to preserve crucial habitats, like breeding and stopover sites, and address global issues like climate change that impact migratory patterns. For example, international agreements like the Ramsar Convention protect wetlands used by migratory birds, while research organizations collaborate to track migratory routes and identify critical areas for intervention.

Understanding bird migration not only enriches our appreciation of nature but also underscores the interconnectedness of ecosystems across the globe. Through ongoing research and conservation efforts, we can help ensure that these extraordinary journeys continue to inspire and awe future generations.

Based on the passage, the highlighted text is most likely meant as a reference to: 

Item 34

NATURAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from “The Wonders of Bird Migration” by Jane Albright (©2021 by Jane Albright).

Bird migration is one of nature’s most fascinating phenomena, showcasing incredible adaptations and strategies. Birds migrate to exploit seasonal resources, optimize breeding opportunities, and avoid harsh weather conditions. The timing and patterns of migration are influenced by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental cues.

Many bird species travel thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds. For example, the Arctic Tern undertakes the longest migration of any bird, flying from its breeding grounds in the Arctic to its wintering grounds in Antarctica, covering approximately 25,000 miles annually. This feat is made possible by several remarkable adaptations. Arctic Terns have an aerodynamic body shape that reduces air resistance and energy expenditure during flight. Their long, pointed wings enable efficient gliding over vast distances, while a high number of mitochondria in their muscle cells enhances endurance by providing a continuous supply of energy. 

Other species, like the Bar-tailed Godwit, have adapted to undertake non-stop flights over extensive distances. Bar-tailed Godwits can fly more than 7,000 miles without stopping, a journey from Alaska to New Zealand. This extraordinary endurance is supported by their ability to store large amounts of fat as energy reserves. Before migration, these birds undergo hyperphagia, a period of intense feeding to accumulate the necessary fat. Additionally, they can reduce the size of non-essential organs, like the liver and kidneys, to decrease body weight and improve flight efficiency.

Navigational abilities are crucial for successful migration. Birds use a variety of cues to navigate, including the sun, stars, Earth’s magnetic field, and visual landmarks. The Blackpoll Warbler, for instance, relies on a combination of celestial navigation and geomagnetic cues to find its way from North America to South America. Remarkably, even juvenile birds making their first migration can navigate accurately without prior experience, suggesting a strong genetic component to these navigational skills.

Migration poses significant risks and challenges, including predation, adverse weather, and habitat loss. Birds must strategically choose their stopover sites to rest and refuel. The Delaware Bay, for example, is a critical stopover for many shorebirds, like the Red Knot, which times its migration to coincide with the spawning of horseshoe crabs, providing a rich food source of crab eggs.

Conservation efforts are vital to protect migratory birds and their habitats. Climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution threaten the delicate balance of migratory systems. Conservation initiatives aim to preserve crucial habitats, like breeding and stopover sites, and address global issues like climate change that impact migratory patterns. For example, international agreements like the Ramsar Convention protect wetlands used by migratory birds, while research organizations collaborate to track migratory routes and identify critical areas for intervention.

Understanding bird migration not only enriches our appreciation of nature but also underscores the interconnectedness of ecosystems across the globe. Through ongoing research and conservation efforts, we can help ensure that these extraordinary journeys continue to inspire and awe future generations.

Based on the passage, the role of mitochondria in the Arctic Tern’s migration is primarily to:

Item 35

NATURAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from “The Wonders of Bird Migration” by Jane Albright (©2021 by Jane Albright).

Bird migration is one of nature’s most fascinating phenomena, showcasing incredible adaptations and strategies. Birds migrate to exploit seasonal resources, optimize breeding opportunities, and avoid harsh weather conditions. The timing and patterns of migration are influenced by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental cues.

Many bird species travel thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds. For example, the Arctic Tern undertakes the longest migration of any bird, flying from its breeding grounds in the Arctic to its wintering grounds in Antarctica, covering approximately 25,000 miles annually. This feat is made possible by several remarkable adaptations. Arctic Terns have an aerodynamic body shape that reduces air resistance and energy expenditure during flight. Their long, pointed wings enable efficient gliding over vast distances, while a high number of mitochondria in their muscle cells enhances endurance by providing a continuous supply of energy. 

Other species, like the Bar-tailed Godwit, have adapted to undertake non-stop flights over extensive distances. Bar-tailed Godwits can fly more than 7,000 miles without stopping, a journey from Alaska to New Zealand. This extraordinary endurance is supported by their ability to store large amounts of fat as energy reserves. Before migration, these birds undergo hyperphagia, a period of intense feeding to accumulate the necessary fat. Additionally, they can reduce the size of non-essential organs, like the liver and kidneys, to decrease body weight and improve flight efficiency.

Navigational abilities are crucial for successful migration. Birds use a variety of cues to navigate, including the sun, stars, Earth’s magnetic field, and visual landmarks. The Blackpoll Warbler, for instance, relies on a combination of celestial navigation and geomagnetic cues to find its way from North America to South America. Remarkably, even juvenile birds making their first migration can navigate accurately without prior experience, suggesting a strong genetic component to these navigational skills.

Migration poses significant risks and challenges, including predation, adverse weather, and habitat loss. Birds must strategically choose their stopover sites to rest and refuel. The Delaware Bay, for example, is a critical stopover for many shorebirds, like the Red Knot, which times its migration to coincide with the spawning of horseshoe crabs, providing a rich food source of crab eggs.

Conservation efforts are vital to protect migratory birds and their habitats. Climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution threaten the delicate balance of migratory systems. Conservation initiatives aim to preserve crucial habitats, like breeding and stopover sites, and address global issues like climate change that impact migratory patterns. For example, international agreements like the Ramsar Convention protect wetlands used by migratory birds, while research organizations collaborate to track migratory routes and identify critical areas for intervention.

Understanding bird migration not only enriches our appreciation of nature but also underscores the interconnectedness of ecosystems across the globe. Through ongoing research and conservation efforts, we can help ensure that these extraordinary journeys continue to inspire and awe future generations.

The main purpose of the highlighted paragraph is to: 

Item 36

NATURAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from “The Wonders of Bird Migration” by Jane Albright (©2021 by Jane Albright).

Bird migration is one of nature’s most fascinating phenomena, showcasing incredible adaptations and strategies. Birds migrate to exploit seasonal resources, optimize breeding opportunities, and avoid harsh weather conditions. The timing and patterns of migration are influenced by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental cues.

Many bird species travel thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds. For example, the Arctic Tern undertakes the longest migration of any bird, flying from its breeding grounds in the Arctic to its wintering grounds in Antarctica, covering approximately 25,000 miles annually. This feat is made possible by several remarkable adaptations. Arctic Terns have an aerodynamic body shape that reduces air resistance and energy expenditure during flight. Their long, pointed wings enable efficient gliding over vast distances, while a high number of mitochondria in their muscle cells enhances endurance by providing a continuous supply of energy. 

Other species, like the Bar-tailed Godwit, have adapted to undertake non-stop flights over extensive distances. Bar-tailed Godwits can fly more than 7,000 miles without stopping, a journey from Alaska to New Zealand. This extraordinary endurance is supported by their ability to store large amounts of fat as energy reserves. Before migration, these birds undergo hyperphagia, a period of intense feeding to accumulate the necessary fat. Additionally, they can reduce the size of non-essential organs, like the liver and kidneys, to decrease body weight and improve flight efficiency.

Navigational abilities are crucial for successful migration. Birds use a variety of cues to navigate, including the sun, stars, Earth’s magnetic field, and visual landmarks. The Blackpoll Warbler, for instance, relies on a combination of celestial navigation and geomagnetic cues to find its way from North America to South America. Remarkably, even juvenile birds making their first migration can navigate accurately without prior experience, suggesting a strong genetic component to these navigational skills.

Migration poses significant risks and challenges, including predation, adverse weather, and habitat loss. Birds must strategically choose their stopover sites to rest and refuel. The Delaware Bay, for example, is a critical stopover for many shorebirds, like the Red Knot, which times its migration to coincide with the spawning of horseshoe crabs, providing a rich food source of crab eggs.

Conservation efforts are vital to protect migratory birds and their habitats. Climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution threaten the delicate balance of migratory systems. Conservation initiatives aim to preserve crucial habitats, like breeding and stopover sites, and address global issues like climate change that impact migratory patterns. For example, international agreements like the Ramsar Convention protect wetlands used by migratory birds, while research organizations collaborate to track migratory routes and identify critical areas for intervention.

Understanding bird migration not only enriches our appreciation of nature but also underscores the interconnectedness of ecosystems across the globe. Through ongoing research and conservation efforts, we can help ensure that these extraordinary journeys continue to inspire and awe future generations.

According to the passage, which of the following best describes the interconnectedness of ecosystems highlighted by bird migration?