English Practice Test 2 (Timed) – Outschool

[1]

Urban agriculture—the practice of farming in an urban setting, encompassing soil-based community gardens and high-tech indoor systems called vertical farms—have emerged as a strategy to address disparities in access to fresh food within many modern cities. In low-income neighborhoods, where convenience stores and fast-food outlets often dominate the food environment, residents may face limited availability of nutritious options. As a result, urban agriculture initiatives have gained attention not only for their potential to increase access to fresh produce but also for their broader implications for public health and community development.

[2]

Beyond increasing availability, urban agriculture may influence dietary behaviors, nutritional outcomes, and social cohesion within communities. Studies indicate that residents whom participate in or have access to urban farms consume more fruits and vegetables than those without access. Exposure to the cultivation process can foster appreciation for fresh produce, while educational programs associated with urban farms reinforce healthy behaviors—such as cooking classes, workshops on food preservation, and school-based nutrition initiatives— and improve food literacy. In addition, many urban farms integrate composting, soil-enrichment practices, and water management techniques, which improve the nutritional quality of crops and promote environmentally sustainable growing practices.

[3]

Despite these benefits, urban agriculture is not without challenges. Establishing and maintaining urban farms requires ongoing management, including consistent watering, soil testing, and pest control. Furthermore, a lack of technical expertise in urban-specific growing techniques might lead to mismanagement of resources. Critics argue that when urban agriculture programs are implemented without careful planning, they may unintentionally reinforce existing socioeconomic inequities by primarily benefiting individuals whom have greater time, flexibility, or financial resources.

[4]

Nevertheless, proponents contend that the broader social, economic, and environmental benefits undermine the investment. When thoughtfully designed, urban agriculture programs can address public health concerns, foster social capital, and mitigate certain environmental pressures. [*]

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. has emerged

C. are emerging

D. emerge

(select answer below)

[1]

Urban agriculture—the practice of farming in an urban setting, encompassing soil-based community gardens and high-tech indoor systems called vertical farms—have emerged as a strategy to address disparities in access to fresh food within many modern cities. In low-income neighborhoods, where convenience stores and fast-food outlets often dominate the food environment, residents may face limited availability of nutritious options. As a result, urban agriculture initiatives have gained attention not only for their potential to increase access to fresh produce but also for their broader implications for public health and community development.

[2]

Beyond increasing availability, urban agriculture may influence dietary behaviors, nutritional outcomes, and social cohesion within communities. Studies indicate that residents whom participate in or have access to urban farms consume more fruits and vegetables than those without access. Exposure to the cultivation process can foster appreciation for fresh produce, while educational programs associated with urban farms reinforce healthy behaviors—such as cooking classes, workshops on food preservation, and school-based nutrition initiatives— and improve food literacy. In addition, many urban farms integrate composting, soil-enrichment practices, and water management techniques, which improve the nutritional quality of crops and promote environmentally sustainable growing practices.

[3]

Despite these benefits, urban agriculture is not without challenges. Establishing and maintaining urban farms requires ongoing management, including consistent watering, soil testing, and pest control. Furthermore, a lack of technical expertise in urban-specific growing techniques might lead to mismanagement of resources. Critics argue that when urban agriculture programs are implemented without careful planning, they may unintentionally reinforce existing socioeconomic inequities by primarily benefiting individuals whom have greater time, flexibility, or financial resources.

[4]

Nevertheless, proponents contend that the broader social, economic, and environmental benefits undermine the investment. When thoughtfully designed, urban agriculture programs can address public health concerns, foster social capital, and mitigate certain environmental pressures. [*]

If the writer were to delete the underlined portion, the paragraph would primarily lose information that:

F. highlights the differences between urban and suburban food systems.

G. describes how fast food affects dietary behavior.

H. explains why access to fresh food is limited in certain neighborhoods.

J. introduces the idea of socioeconomic inequality.

(select answer below)

[1]

Urban agriculture—the practice of farming in an urban setting, encompassing soil-based community gardens and high-tech indoor systems called vertical farms—have emerged as a strategy to address disparities in access to fresh food within many modern cities. In low-income neighborhoods, where convenience stores and fast-food outlets often dominate the food environment, residents may face limited availability of nutritious options. As a result, urban agriculture initiatives have gained attention not only for their potential to increase access to fresh produce but also for their broader implications for public health and community development.

[2]

Beyond increasing availability, urban agriculture may influence dietary behaviors, nutritional outcomes, and social cohesion within communities. Studies indicate that residents whom participate in or have access to urban farms consume more fruits and vegetables than those without access. Exposure to the cultivation process can foster appreciation for fresh produce, while educational programs associated with urban farms reinforce healthy behaviors—such as cooking classes, workshops on food preservation, and school-based nutrition initiatives— and improve food literacy. In addition, many urban farms integrate composting, soil-enrichment practices, and water management techniques, which improve the nutritional quality of crops and promote environmentally sustainable growing practices.

[3]

Despite these benefits, urban agriculture is not without challenges. Establishing and maintaining urban farms requires ongoing management, including consistent watering, soil testing, and pest control. Furthermore, a lack of technical expertise in urban-specific growing techniques might lead to mismanagement of resources. Critics argue that when urban agriculture programs are implemented without careful planning, they may unintentionally reinforce existing socioeconomic inequities by primarily benefiting individuals whom have greater time, flexibility, or financial resources.

[4]

Nevertheless, proponents contend that the broader social, economic, and environmental benefits undermine the investment. When thoughtfully designed, urban agriculture programs can address public health concerns, foster social capital, and mitigate certain environmental pressures. [*]

Which choice most effectively maintains the tone of the paragraph?

A. No Change

B. their significant effects on people’s health and neighborhoods.

C. how they help people live better lives.

D. the numerous ways they improve daily living.

(select answer below)

[1]

Urban agriculture—the practice of farming in an urban setting, encompassing soil-based community gardens and high-tech indoor systems called vertical farms—have emerged as a strategy to address disparities in access to fresh food within many modern cities. In low-income neighborhoods, where convenience stores and fast-food outlets often dominate the food environment, residents may face limited availability of nutritious options. As a result, urban agriculture initiatives have gained attention not only for their potential to increase access to fresh produce but also for their broader implications for public health and community development.

[2]

Beyond increasing availability, urban agriculture may influence dietary behaviors, nutritional outcomes, and social cohesion within communities. Studies indicate that residents whom participate in or have access to urban farms consume more fruits and vegetables than those without access. Exposure to the cultivation process can foster appreciation for fresh produce, while educational programs associated with urban farms reinforce healthy behaviors—such as cooking classes, workshops on food preservation, and school-based nutrition initiatives— and improve food literacy. In addition, many urban farms integrate composting, soil-enrichment practices, and water management techniques, which improve the nutritional quality of crops and promote environmentally sustainable growing practices.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. that

H. which

J. who

(select answer below)

[3]

Despite these benefits, urban agriculture is not without challenges. Establishing and maintaining urban farms requires ongoing management, including consistent watering, soil testing, and pest control. Furthermore, a lack of technical expertise in urban-specific growing techniques might lead to mismanagement of resources. Critics argue that when urban agriculture programs are implemented without careful planning, they may unintentionally reinforce existing socioeconomic inequities by primarily benefiting individuals whom have greater time, flexibility, or financial resources.

[4]

Nevertheless, proponents contend that the broader social, economic, and environmental benefits undermine the investment. When thoughtfully designed, urban agriculture programs can address public health concerns, foster social capital, and mitigate certain environmental pressures. [*]

[1]

Urban agriculture—the practice of farming in an urban setting, encompassing soil-based community gardens and high-tech indoor systems called vertical farms—have emerged as a strategy to address disparities in access to fresh food within many modern cities. In low-income neighborhoods, where convenience stores and fast-food outlets often dominate the food environment, residents may face limited availability of nutritious options. As a result, urban agriculture initiatives have gained attention not only for their potential to increase access to fresh produce but also for their broader implications for public health and community development.

[2]

Beyond increasing availability, urban agriculture may influence dietary behaviors, nutritional outcomes, and social cohesion within communities. Studies indicate that residents whom participate in or have access to urban farms consume more fruits and vegetables than those without access. Exposure to the cultivation process can foster appreciation for fresh produce, while educational programs associated with urban farms reinforce healthy behaviors—such as cooking classes, workshops on food preservation, and school-based nutrition initiatives— and improve food literacy. In addition, many urban farms integrate composting, soil-enrichment practices, and water management techniques, which improve the nutritional quality of crops and promote environmentally sustainable growing practices.

The best placement for the underlined portion would be:

A. where it is now.

B. after the word farms.

C. after the word produce.

D. after the word literacy.

(select answer below)

[3]

Despite these benefits, urban agriculture is not without challenges. Establishing and maintaining urban farms requires ongoing management, including consistent watering, soil testing, and pest control. Furthermore, a lack of technical expertise in urban-specific growing techniques might lead to mismanagement of resources. Critics argue that when urban agriculture programs are implemented without careful planning, they may unintentionally reinforce existing socioeconomic inequities by primarily benefiting individuals whom have greater time, flexibility, or financial resources.

[4]

Nevertheless, proponents contend that the broader social, economic, and environmental benefits undermine the investment. When thoughtfully designed, urban agriculture programs can address public health concerns, foster social capital, and mitigate certain environmental pressures. [*]

[1]

Urban agriculture—the practice of farming in an urban setting, encompassing soil-based community gardens and high-tech indoor systems called vertical farms—have emerged as a strategy to address disparities in access to fresh food within many modern cities. In low-income neighborhoods, where convenience stores and fast-food outlets often dominate the food environment, residents may face limited availability of nutritious options. As a result, urban agriculture initiatives have gained attention not only for their potential to increase access to fresh produce but also for their broader implications for public health and community development.

[2]

Beyond increasing availability, urban agriculture may influence dietary behaviors, nutritional outcomes, and social cohesion within communities. Studies indicate that residents whom participate in or have access to urban farms consume more fruits and vegetables than those without access. Exposure to the cultivation process can foster appreciation for fresh produce, while educational programs associated with urban farms reinforce healthy behaviors—such as cooking classes, workshops on food preservation, and school-based nutrition initiatives— and improve food literacy. In addition, many urban farms integrate composting, soil-enrichment practices, and water management techniques, which improve the nutritional quality of crops and promote environmentally sustainable growing practices.

[3]

Despite these benefits, urban agriculture is not without challenges. Establishing and maintaining urban farms requires ongoing management, including consistent watering, soil testing, and pest control. Furthermore, a lack of technical expertise in urban-specific growing techniques might lead to mismanagement of resources. Critics argue that when urban agriculture programs are implemented without careful planning, they may unintentionally reinforce existing socioeconomic inequities by primarily benefiting individuals whom have greater time, flexibility, or financial resources.

F. No Change

G. urban soil is often contaminated with heavy metals, which, along with air pollution, can affect plant health.

H. the high operational costs associated with indoor and vertical farming might outweigh the benefits to the communities they serve.

J. access to land and funding can be unevenly distributed, limiting participation for some residents.

(select answer below)

[4]

Nevertheless, proponents contend that the broader social, economic, and environmental benefits undermine the investment. When thoughtfully designed, urban agriculture programs can address public health concerns, foster social capital, and mitigate certain environmental pressures. [*]

[1]

Urban agriculture—the practice of farming in an urban setting, encompassing soil-based community gardens and high-tech indoor systems called vertical farms—have emerged as a strategy to address disparities in access to fresh food within many modern cities. In low-income neighborhoods, where convenience stores and fast-food outlets often dominate the food environment, residents may face limited availability of nutritious options. As a result, urban agriculture initiatives have gained attention not only for their potential to increase access to fresh produce but also for their broader implications for public health and community development.

[2]

Beyond increasing availability, urban agriculture may influence dietary behaviors, nutritional outcomes, and social cohesion within communities. Studies indicate that residents whom participate in or have access to urban farms consume more fruits and vegetables than those without access. Exposure to the cultivation process can foster appreciation for fresh produce, while educational programs associated with urban farms reinforce healthy behaviors—such as cooking classes, workshops on food preservation, and school-based nutrition initiatives— and improve food literacy. In addition, many urban farms integrate composting, soil-enrichment practices, and water management techniques, which improve the nutritional quality of crops and promote environmentally sustainable growing practices.

[3]

Despite these benefits, urban agriculture is not without challenges. Establishing and maintaining urban farms requires ongoing management, including consistent watering, soil testing, and pest control. Furthermore, a lack of technical expertise in urban-specific growing techniques might lead to mismanagement of resources. Critics argue that when urban agriculture programs are implemented without careful planning, they may unintentionally reinforce existing socioeconomic inequities by primarily benefiting individuals whom have greater time, flexibility, or financial resources.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. who has

C. with

D. which have

(select answer below)

[4]

Nevertheless, proponents contend that the broader social, economic, and environmental benefits undermine the investment. When thoughtfully designed, urban agriculture programs can address public health concerns, foster social capital, and mitigate certain environmental pressures. [*]

[1]

Urban agriculture—the practice of farming in an urban setting, encompassing soil-based community gardens and high-tech indoor systems called vertical farms—have emerged as a strategy to address disparities in access to fresh food within many modern cities. In low-income neighborhoods, where convenience stores and fast-food outlets often dominate the food environment, residents may face limited availability of nutritious options. As a result, urban agriculture initiatives have gained attention not only for their potential to increase access to fresh produce but also for their broader implications for public health and community development.

[2]

Beyond increasing availability, urban agriculture may influence dietary behaviors, nutritional outcomes, and social cohesion within communities. Studies indicate that residents whom participate in or have access to urban farms consume more fruits and vegetables than those without access. Exposure to the cultivation process can foster appreciation for fresh produce, while educational programs associated with urban farms reinforce healthy behaviors—such as cooking classes, workshops on food preservation, and school-based nutrition initiatives— and improve food literacy. In addition, many urban farms integrate composting, soil-enrichment practices, and water management techniques, which improve the nutritional quality of crops and promote environmentally sustainable growing practices.

[3]

Despite these benefits, urban agriculture is not without challenges. Establishing and maintaining urban farms requires ongoing management, including consistent watering, soil testing, and pest control. Furthermore, a lack of technical expertise in urban-specific growing techniques might lead to mismanagement of resources. Critics argue that when urban agriculture programs are implemented without careful planning, they may unintentionally reinforce existing socioeconomic inequities by primarily benefiting individuals whom have greater time, flexibility, or financial resources.

[4]

Nevertheless, proponents contend that the broader social, economic, and environmental benefits undermine the investment. When thoughtfully designed, urban agriculture programs can address public health concerns, foster social capital, and mitigate certain environmental pressures. [*]

Which word is clearest and most precise in context?

F. No Change

G. refute

H. excuse

J. justify

(select answer below)

[1]

Urban agriculture—the practice of farming in an urban setting, encompassing soil-based community gardens and high-tech indoor systems called vertical farms—have emerged as a strategy to address disparities in access to fresh food within many modern cities. In low-income neighborhoods, where convenience stores and fast-food outlets often dominate the food environment, residents may face limited availability of nutritious options. As a result, urban agriculture initiatives have gained attention not only for their potential to increase access to fresh produce but also for their broader implications for public health and community development.

[2]

Beyond increasing availability, urban agriculture may influence dietary behaviors, nutritional outcomes, and social cohesion within communities. Studies indicate that residents whom participate in or have access to urban farms consume more fruits and vegetables than those without access. Exposure to the cultivation process can foster appreciation for fresh produce, while educational programs associated with urban farms reinforce healthy behaviors—such as cooking classes, workshops on food preservation, and school-based nutrition initiatives— and improve food literacy. In addition, many urban farms integrate composting, soil-enrichment practices, and water management techniques, which improve the nutritional quality of crops and promote environmentally sustainable growing practices.

[3]

Despite these benefits, urban agriculture is not without challenges. Establishing and maintaining urban farms requires ongoing management, including consistent watering, soil testing, and pest control. Furthermore, a lack of technical expertise in urban-specific growing techniques might lead to mismanagement of resources. Critics argue that when urban agriculture programs are implemented without careful planning, they may unintentionally reinforce existing socioeconomic inequities by primarily benefiting individuals whom have greater time, flexibility, or financial resources.

[4]

Nevertheless, proponents contend that the broader social, economic, and environmental benefits undermine the investment. When thoughtfully designed, urban agriculture programs can address public health concerns, foster social capital, and mitigate certain environmental pressures. [*]

Which choice provides the most effective conclusion to the passage?

A. Urban agriculture is becoming more common in cities worldwide, as rooftops and abandoned parking lots are transformed into thriving community gardens.

B. Despite this, access to food has always shaped urban development.

C. Taken together, these factors highlight the potential of local food systems to play a meaningful role in reshaping urban life.

D. Unfortunately, the success of urban agriculture is limited by the space available for gardens and urban farms and the degree of community involvement to sustain them.

(select answer below)

[1]

Urban agriculture—the practice of farming in an urban setting, encompassing soil-based community gardens and high-tech indoor systems called vertical farms—have emerged as a strategy to address disparities in access to fresh food within many modern cities. In low-income neighborhoods, where convenience stores and fast-food outlets often dominate the food environment, residents may face limited availability of nutritious options. As a result, urban agriculture initiatives have gained attention not only for their potential to increase access to fresh produce but also for their broader implications for public health and community development.

[2]

Beyond increasing availability, urban agriculture may influence dietary behaviors, nutritional outcomes, and social cohesion within communities. Studies indicate that residents whom participate in or have access to urban farms consume more fruits and vegetables than those without access. Exposure to the cultivation process can foster appreciation for fresh produce, while educational programs associated with urban farms reinforce healthy behaviors—such as cooking classes, workshops on food preservation, and school-based nutrition initiatives— and improve food literacy. In addition, many urban farms integrate composting, soil-enrichment practices, and water management techniques, which improve the nutritional quality of crops and promote environmentally sustainable growing practices.

[3]

Despite these benefits, urban agriculture is not without challenges. Establishing and maintaining urban farms requires ongoing management, including consistent watering, soil testing, and pest control. Furthermore, a lack of technical expertise in urban-specific growing techniques might lead to mismanagement of resources. Critics argue that when urban agriculture programs are implemented without careful planning, they may unintentionally reinforce existing socioeconomic inequities by primarily benefiting individuals whom have greater time, flexibility, or financial resources.

[4]

Nevertheless, proponents contend that the broader social, economic, and environmental benefits undermine the investment. When thoughtfully designed, urban agriculture programs can address public health concerns, foster social capital, and mitigate certain environmental pressures. [*]

Question 10 asks about the passage as a whole.

The primary purpose of the passage is to:

F. emphasize the influence of urban agriculture on the dietary behavior of residents.

G. describe both the benefits and challenges of urban agriculture.

H. persuade city officials to fund urban agriculture programs in low-income neighborhoods.

J. explain how to start an urban farm.

(select answer below)

[1]

In the early 2010s, Dutch inventor Boyan Slat founded The Ocean Cleanup, an organization dedicated to reducing plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. [A] Rather than focusing solely on shoreline cleanups, the organization targets plastic already circulating in marine environments, particularly within large accumulation zones in the ocean such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These regions form when ocean currents concentrate floating debris, creating dense collections of plastic waste far from land.

[2]

One of The Ocean Cleanup’s most ambitious initiatives involves deploying floating systems designed to passively collect plastic using natural ocean currents. The systems consist of long, U-shaped barriers that guide debris toward a central collection point; where it can be removed and recycled. Early prototypes faced technical setbacks, including structural damage and difficulties retaining smaller plastic fragments, but subsequent redesigns improved both durability and efficiency. These improvements were essential for the systems to effectively target the plastic accumulating in the open ocean. [B]

[3]

In addition to ocean-based efforts, The Ocean Cleanup has expanded its focus to rivers, which researchers estimate transports a significant portion of plastic waste into the sea.[C] The organization’s Interceptor devices: solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers capture debris before it reaches open water. [D] By addressing pollution closer to its source, these systems aim to reduce the overall volume of plastic entering marine ecosystems.

[4]

Despite these innovations, some environmental scientists doubt that removal technologies alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. Long-term progress, they argue, depends on reducing plastic production, improving waste management infrastructure, and changing consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the Ocean Cleanup’s impact is an inspiring success story, demonstrating that coordinated technological intervention can play a meaningful role within a broader strategy to address ocean plastic pollution.

Which choice is least redundant in context?

A. No Change

B. large accumulation zones such as the expansive Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

C. accumulation zones such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch zone.

D. large accumulation zones such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

(select answer below)

[1]

In the early 2010s, Dutch inventor Boyan Slat founded The Ocean Cleanup, an organization dedicated to reducing plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. [A] Rather than focusing solely on shoreline cleanups, the organization targets plastic already circulating in marine environments, particularly within large accumulation zones in the ocean such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These regions form when ocean currents concentrate floating debris, creating dense collections of plastic waste far from land.

[2]

One of The Ocean Cleanup’s most ambitious initiatives involves deploying floating systems designed to passively collect plastic using natural ocean currents. The systems consist of long, U-shaped barriers that guide debris toward a central collection point; where it can be removed and recycled. Early prototypes faced technical setbacks, including structural damage and difficulties retaining smaller plastic fragments, but subsequent redesigns improved both durability and efficiency. These improvements were essential for the systems to effectively target the plastic accumulating in the open ocean. [B]

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. point, where it

H. point; where they

J. point where they

(select answer below)

[3]

In addition to ocean-based efforts, The Ocean Cleanup has expanded its focus to rivers, which researchers estimate transports a significant portion of plastic waste into the sea.[C] The organization’s Interceptor devices: solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers capture debris before it reaches open water. [D] By addressing pollution closer to its source, these systems aim to reduce the overall volume of plastic entering marine ecosystems.

[4]

Despite these innovations, some environmental scientists doubt that removal technologies alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. Long-term progress, they argue, depends on reducing plastic production, improving waste management infrastructure, and changing consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the Ocean Cleanup’s impact is an inspiring success story, demonstrating that coordinated technological intervention can play a meaningful role within a broader strategy to address ocean plastic pollution.

[1]

In the early 2010s, Dutch inventor Boyan Slat founded The Ocean Cleanup, an organization dedicated to reducing plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. [A] Rather than focusing solely on shoreline cleanups, the organization targets plastic already circulating in marine environments, particularly within large accumulation zones in the ocean such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These regions form when ocean currents concentrate floating debris, creating dense collections of plastic waste far from land.

[2]

One of The Ocean Cleanup’s most ambitious initiatives involves deploying floating systems designed to passively collect plastic using natural ocean currents. The systems consist of long, U-shaped barriers that guide debris toward a central collection point; where it can be removed and recycled. Early prototypes faced technical setbacks, including structural damage and difficulties retaining smaller plastic fragments, but subsequent redesigns improved both durability and efficiency. These improvements were essential for the systems to effectively target the plastic accumulating in the open ocean. [B]

If the underlined portion were deleted, the paragraph would primarily lose information that:

A. explains why public support declined in the project’s early days.

B. describes the redesigns that ultimately led to the project’s success.

C. details the challenges of early implementation.

D. outlines the most critical steps in the engineering design process.

(select answer below)

[3]

In addition to ocean-based efforts, The Ocean Cleanup has expanded its focus to rivers, which researchers estimate transports a significant portion of plastic waste into the sea.[C] The organization’s Interceptor devices: solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers capture debris before it reaches open water. [D] By addressing pollution closer to its source, these systems aim to reduce the overall volume of plastic entering marine ecosystems.

[4]

Despite these innovations, some environmental scientists doubt that removal technologies alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. Long-term progress, they argue, depends on reducing plastic production, improving waste management infrastructure, and changing consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the Ocean Cleanup’s impact is an inspiring success story, demonstrating that coordinated technological intervention can play a meaningful role within a broader strategy to address ocean plastic pollution.

[1]

In the early 2010s, Dutch inventor Boyan Slat founded The Ocean Cleanup, an organization dedicated to reducing plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. [A] Rather than focusing solely on shoreline cleanups, the organization targets plastic already circulating in marine environments, particularly within large accumulation zones in the ocean such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These regions form when ocean currents concentrate floating debris, creating dense collections of plastic waste far from land.

[2]

One of The Ocean Cleanup’s most ambitious initiatives involves deploying floating systems designed to passively collect plastic using natural ocean currents. The systems consist of long, U-shaped barriers that guide debris toward a central collection point; where it can be removed and recycled. Early prototypes faced technical setbacks, including structural damage and difficulties retaining smaller plastic fragments, but subsequent redesigns improved both durability and efficiency. These improvements were essential for the systems to effectively target the plastic accumulating in the open ocean. [B]

Which choice best helps indicate that the floating systems evolved through trial and error?

F. No Change

G. but the organization fought for continued funding for the initiative.

H. but public support carried the project through its initial failures.

J. because the filters used in the original designs were rated for larger fragments.

(select answer below)

[3]

In addition to ocean-based efforts, The Ocean Cleanup has expanded its focus to rivers, which researchers estimate transports a significant portion of plastic waste into the sea.[C] The organization’s Interceptor devices: solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers capture debris before it reaches open water. [D] By addressing pollution closer to its source, these systems aim to reduce the overall volume of plastic entering marine ecosystems.

[4]

Despite these innovations, some environmental scientists doubt that removal technologies alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. Long-term progress, they argue, depends on reducing plastic production, improving waste management infrastructure, and changing consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the Ocean Cleanup’s impact is an inspiring success story, demonstrating that coordinated technological intervention can play a meaningful role within a broader strategy to address ocean plastic pollution.

[1]

In the early 2010s, Dutch inventor Boyan Slat founded The Ocean Cleanup, an organization dedicated to reducing plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. [A] Rather than focusing solely on shoreline cleanups, the organization targets plastic already circulating in marine environments, particularly within large accumulation zones in the ocean such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These regions form when ocean currents concentrate floating debris, creating dense collections of plastic waste far from land.

[2]

One of The Ocean Cleanup’s most ambitious initiatives involves deploying floating systems designed to passively collect plastic using natural ocean currents. The systems consist of long, U-shaped barriers that guide debris toward a central collection point; where it can be removed and recycled. Early prototypes faced technical setbacks, including structural damage and difficulties retaining smaller plastic fragments, but subsequent redesigns improved both durability and efficiency. These improvements were essential for the systems to effectively target the plastic accumulating in the open ocean. [B]

[3]

In addition to ocean-based efforts, The Ocean Cleanup has expanded its focus to rivers, which researchers estimate transports a significant portion of plastic waste into the sea.[C] The organization’s Interceptor devices: solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers capture debris before it reaches open water. [D] By addressing pollution closer to its source, these systems aim to reduce the overall volume of plastic entering marine ecosystems.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. transport

C. transporting

D. transported

(select answer below)

[4]

Despite these innovations, some environmental scientists doubt that removal technologies alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. Long-term progress, they argue, depends on reducing plastic production, improving waste management infrastructure, and changing consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the Ocean Cleanup’s impact is an inspiring success story, demonstrating that coordinated technological intervention can play a meaningful role within a broader strategy to address ocean plastic pollution.

[1]

In the early 2010s, Dutch inventor Boyan Slat founded The Ocean Cleanup, an organization dedicated to reducing plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. [A] Rather than focusing solely on shoreline cleanups, the organization targets plastic already circulating in marine environments, particularly within large accumulation zones in the ocean such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These regions form when ocean currents concentrate floating debris, creating dense collections of plastic waste far from land.

[2]

One of The Ocean Cleanup’s most ambitious initiatives involves deploying floating systems designed to passively collect plastic using natural ocean currents. The systems consist of long, U-shaped barriers that guide debris toward a central collection point; where it can be removed and recycled. Early prototypes faced technical setbacks, including structural damage and difficulties retaining smaller plastic fragments, but subsequent redesigns improved both durability and efficiency. These improvements were essential for the systems to effectively target the plastic accumulating in the open ocean. [B]

[3]

In addition to ocean-based efforts, The Ocean Cleanup has expanded its focus to rivers, which researchers estimate transports a significant portion of plastic waste into the sea.[C] The organization’s Interceptor devices: solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers capture debris before it reaches open water. [D] By addressing pollution closer to its source, these systems aim to reduce the overall volume of plastic entering marine ecosystems.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. devices, solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers capture

H. devices; solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers; capture

J. devices–solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers–capture

(select answer below)

[4]

Despite these innovations, some environmental scientists doubt that removal technologies alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. Long-term progress, they argue, depends on reducing plastic production, improving waste management infrastructure, and changing consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the Ocean Cleanup’s impact is an inspiring success story, demonstrating that coordinated technological intervention can play a meaningful role within a broader strategy to address ocean plastic pollution.

[1]

In the early 2010s, Dutch inventor Boyan Slat founded The Ocean Cleanup, an organization dedicated to reducing plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. [A] Rather than focusing solely on shoreline cleanups, the organization targets plastic already circulating in marine environments, particularly within large accumulation zones in the ocean such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These regions form when ocean currents concentrate floating debris, creating dense collections of plastic waste far from land.

[2]

One of The Ocean Cleanup’s most ambitious initiatives involves deploying floating systems designed to passively collect plastic using natural ocean currents. The systems consist of long, U-shaped barriers that guide debris toward a central collection point; where it can be removed and recycled. Early prototypes faced technical setbacks, including structural damage and difficulties retaining smaller plastic fragments, but subsequent redesigns improved both durability and efficiency. These improvements were essential for the systems to effectively target the plastic accumulating in the open ocean. [B]

[3]

In addition to ocean-based efforts, The Ocean Cleanup has expanded its focus to rivers, which researchers estimate transports a significant portion of plastic waste into the sea.[C] The organization’s Interceptor devices: solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers capture debris before it reaches open water. [D] By addressing pollution closer to its source, these systems aim to reduce the overall volume of plastic entering marine ecosystems.

[4]

Despite these innovations, some environmental scientists doubt that removal technologies alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. Long-term progress, they argue, depends on reducing plastic production, improving waste management infrastructure, and changing consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the Ocean Cleanup’s impact is an inspiring success story, demonstrating that coordinated technological intervention can play a meaningful role within a broader strategy to address ocean plastic pollution.

The writer wants to add the following sentence to the essay:

Rivers near densely populated urban centers are among the largest pathways through which plastic waste enters the ocean.

The sentence would most logically be placed at:

A. point A in Paragraph 1.

B. point B in Paragraph 2.

C. point C in Paragraph 3.

D. point D in Paragraph 3.

(select answer below)

[1]

In the early 2010s, Dutch inventor Boyan Slat founded The Ocean Cleanup, an organization dedicated to reducing plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. [A] Rather than focusing solely on shoreline cleanups, the organization targets plastic already circulating in marine environments, particularly within large accumulation zones in the ocean such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These regions form when ocean currents concentrate floating debris, creating dense collections of plastic waste far from land.

[2]

One of The Ocean Cleanup’s most ambitious initiatives involves deploying floating systems designed to passively collect plastic using natural ocean currents. The systems consist of long, U-shaped barriers that guide debris toward a central collection point; where it can be removed and recycled. Early prototypes faced technical setbacks, including structural damage and difficulties retaining smaller plastic fragments, but subsequent redesigns improved both durability and efficiency. These improvements were essential for the systems to effectively target the plastic accumulating in the open ocean. [B]

[3]

In addition to ocean-based efforts, The Ocean Cleanup has expanded its focus to rivers, which researchers estimate transports a significant portion of plastic waste into the sea.[C] The organization’s Interceptor devices: solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers capture debris before it reaches open water. [D] By addressing pollution closer to its source, these systems aim to reduce the overall volume of plastic entering marine ecosystems.

[4]

Despite these innovations, some environmental scientists doubt that removal technologies alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. Long-term progress, they argue, depends on reducing plastic production, improving waste management infrastructure, and changing consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the Ocean Cleanup’s impact is an inspiring success story, demonstrating that coordinated technological intervention can play a meaningful role within a broader strategy to address ocean plastic pollution.

Which choice is clearest and most precise in context?

F. No Change

G. incite

H. caution

J. embolden

(select answer below)

[1]

In the early 2010s, Dutch inventor Boyan Slat founded The Ocean Cleanup, an organization dedicated to reducing plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. [A] Rather than focusing solely on shoreline cleanups, the organization targets plastic already circulating in marine environments, particularly within large accumulation zones in the ocean such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These regions form when ocean currents concentrate floating debris, creating dense collections of plastic waste far from land.

[2]

One of The Ocean Cleanup’s most ambitious initiatives involves deploying floating systems designed to passively collect plastic using natural ocean currents. The systems consist of long, U-shaped barriers that guide debris toward a central collection point; where it can be removed and recycled. Early prototypes faced technical setbacks, including structural damage and difficulties retaining smaller plastic fragments, but subsequent redesigns improved both durability and efficiency. These improvements were essential for the systems to effectively target the plastic accumulating in the open ocean. [B]

[3]

In addition to ocean-based efforts, The Ocean Cleanup has expanded its focus to rivers, which researchers estimate transports a significant portion of plastic waste into the sea.[C] The organization’s Interceptor devices: solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers capture debris before it reaches open water. [D] By addressing pollution closer to its source, these systems aim to reduce the overall volume of plastic entering marine ecosystems.

[4]

Despite these innovations, some environmental scientists doubt that removal technologies alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. Long-term progress, they argue, depends on reducing plastic production, improving waste management infrastructure, and changing consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the Ocean Cleanup’s impact is an inspiring success story, demonstrating that coordinated technological intervention can play a meaningful role within a broader strategy to address ocean plastic pollution.

Which transition word or phrase is most logical in context?

A. No Change

B. As a result

C. Additionally

D. For example

(select answer below)

[1]

In the early 2010s, Dutch inventor Boyan Slat founded The Ocean Cleanup, an organization dedicated to reducing plastic pollution in the world’s oceans. [A] Rather than focusing solely on shoreline cleanups, the organization targets plastic already circulating in marine environments, particularly within large accumulation zones in the ocean such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These regions form when ocean currents concentrate floating debris, creating dense collections of plastic waste far from land.

[2]

One of The Ocean Cleanup’s most ambitious initiatives involves deploying floating systems designed to passively collect plastic using natural ocean currents. The systems consist of long, U-shaped barriers that guide debris toward a central collection point; where it can be removed and recycled. Early prototypes faced technical setbacks, including structural damage and difficulties retaining smaller plastic fragments, but subsequent redesigns improved both durability and efficiency. These improvements were essential for the systems to effectively target the plastic accumulating in the open ocean. [B]

[3]

In addition to ocean-based efforts, The Ocean Cleanup has expanded its focus to rivers, which researchers estimate transports a significant portion of plastic waste into the sea.[C] The organization’s Interceptor devices: solar-powered platforms installed in heavily polluted rivers capture debris before it reaches open water. [D] By addressing pollution closer to its source, these systems aim to reduce the overall volume of plastic entering marine ecosystems.

[4]

Despite these innovations, some environmental scientists doubt that removal technologies alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. Long-term progress, they argue, depends on reducing plastic production, improving waste management infrastructure, and changing consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the Ocean Cleanup’s impact is an inspiring success story, demonstrating that coordinated technological intervention can play a meaningful role within a broader strategy to address ocean plastic pollution.

Which choice most effectively maintains the essay’s tone?

F. No Change

G. these projects prove technology will fix the plastic problem

H. targeted cleanup projects provide valuable data and visible progress

J. everyone should support ocean cleanup initiatives

(select answer below)

[1]

Audio archives play a crucial role in preserving cultural and historical records that cannot be fully captured through written documents alone. These archives often house thousands of audio recordings that document spoken language, music, and personal narratives from earlier generations. Because many of these recordings are fragile. Researchers must handle the materials carefully.  Many document oral histories, folk music, and interviews conducted throughout the twentieth century, some of which exist only on deteriorating magnetic tape. Over time, heat, humidity, and repeated playback can cause these tapes to degrade, permanently erasing the sounds they contain.

[2]

To prevent this loss, archivists digitize recordings, converted analog sound into stable digital formats. [*] However, preservation involves more than transferring audio files. Archivists also document contextual information such as recording dates, locations, and performers. This information helps scholars understand not only what was recorded but also the cultural circumstances surrounding each performance. Without such documentation, recordings risk becoming detached from their historical significance.

[3]

Once digitized and documented, recordings are stored in centralized databases which scholars from around the world can access them. By increasing both preservation and accessibility, audio archives ensure that voices from the past remain available to future generations, even as the original physical media continues to deteriorate.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. fragile, researchers

C. fragile researchers

D. fragile; researchers

(select answer below)

[1]

Audio archives play a crucial role in preserving cultural and historical records that cannot be fully captured through written documents alone. These archives often house thousands of audio recordings that document spoken language, music, and personal narratives from earlier generations. Because many of these recordings are fragile. Researchers must handle the materials carefully.  Many document oral histories, folk music, and interviews conducted throughout the twentieth century, some of which exist only on deteriorating magnetic tape. Over time, heat, humidity, and repeated playback can cause these tapes to degrade, permanently erasing the sounds they contain.

[2]

To prevent this loss, archivists digitize recordings, converted analog sound into stable digital formats. [*] However, preservation involves more than transferring audio files. Archivists also document contextual information such as recording dates, locations, and performers. This information helps scholars understand not only what was recorded but also the cultural circumstances surrounding each performance. Without such documentation, recordings risk becoming detached from their historical significance.

[3]

Once digitized and documented, recordings are stored in centralized databases which scholars from around the world can access them. By increasing both preservation and accessibility, audio archives ensure that voices from the past remain available to future generations, even as the original physical media continues to deteriorate.

If the underlined portion were deleted, the essay would primarily lose information that:

F.  describes how recordings were originally produced.

G. explains why preservation efforts are urgent.

H. provides details on the degradation of the recording material.

J. compares digital and analog media.

(select answer below)

[1]

Audio archives play a crucial role in preserving cultural and historical records that cannot be fully captured through written documents alone. These archives often house thousands of audio recordings that document spoken language, music, and personal narratives from earlier generations. Because many of these recordings are fragile. Researchers must handle the materials carefully.  Many document oral histories, folk music, and interviews conducted throughout the twentieth century, some of which exist only on deteriorating magnetic tape. Over time, heat, humidity, and repeated playback can cause these tapes to degrade, permanently erasing the sounds they contain.

[2]

To prevent this loss, archivists digitize recordings, converted analog sound into stable digital formats. [*] However, preservation involves more than transferring audio files. Archivists also document contextual information such as recording dates, locations, and performers. This information helps scholars understand not only what was recorded but also the cultural circumstances surrounding each performance. Without such documentation, recordings risk becoming detached from their historical significance.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. recordings; to convert

C. recordings, converting

D. recordings. Converting

(select answer below)

[3]

Once digitized and documented, recordings are stored in centralized databases which scholars from around the world can access them. By increasing both preservation and accessibility, audio archives ensure that voices from the past remain available to future generations, even as the original physical media continues to deteriorate.

[1]

Audio archives play a crucial role in preserving cultural and historical records that cannot be fully captured through written documents alone. These archives often house thousands of audio recordings that document spoken language, music, and personal narratives from earlier generations. Because many of these recordings are fragile. Researchers must handle the materials carefully.  Many document oral histories, folk music, and interviews conducted throughout the twentieth century, some of which exist only on deteriorating magnetic tape. Over time, heat, humidity, and repeated playback can cause these tapes to degrade, permanently erasing the sounds they contain.

[2]

To prevent this loss, archivists digitize recordings, converted analog sound into stable digital formats. [*] However, preservation involves more than transferring audio files. Archivists also document contextual information such as recording dates, locations, and performers. This information helps scholars understand not only what was recorded but also the cultural circumstances surrounding each performance. Without such documentation, recordings risk becoming detached from their historical significance.

Many archives use specialized software to reduce background noise and improve audio clarity during the digitization process.

Should the writer make this addition?

F. Yes, because it provides a concrete example of how digitization improves recordings.

G. Yes, because it introduces a new idea that strengthens the paragraph’s focus.

H. No, because it contradicts information presented earlier in the passage.

J. No, because it shifts the paragraph’s focus away from contextual documentation.

(select answer below)

[3]

Once digitized and documented, recordings are stored in centralized databases which scholars from around the world can access them. By increasing both preservation and accessibility, audio archives ensure that voices from the past remain available to future generations, even as the original physical media continues to deteriorate.

[1]

Audio archives play a crucial role in preserving cultural and historical records that cannot be fully captured through written documents alone. These archives often house thousands of audio recordings that document spoken language, music, and personal narratives from earlier generations. Because many of these recordings are fragile. Researchers must handle the materials carefully.  Many document oral histories, folk music, and interviews conducted throughout the twentieth century, some of which exist only on deteriorating magnetic tape. Over time, heat, humidity, and repeated playback can cause these tapes to degrade, permanently erasing the sounds they contain.

[2]

To prevent this loss, archivists digitize recordings, converted analog sound into stable digital formats. [*] However, preservation involves more than transferring audio files. Archivists also document contextual information such as recording dates, locations, and performers. This information helps scholars understand not only what was recorded but also the cultural circumstances surrounding each performance. Without such documentation, recordings risk becoming detached from their historical significance.

[3]

Once digitized and documented, recordings are stored in centralized databases which scholars from around the world can access them. By increasing both preservation and accessibility, audio archives ensure that voices from the past remain available to future generations, even as the original physical media continues to deteriorate.

A. No Change

B. that

C. where

D. when

(select answer below)

[1]

In recent decades, digital technology has become deeply embedded in daily life. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops allow people to work, communicate, and seek entertainment at nearly any hour. Once these tools offer undeniable convenience, researchers have begun to examine how constant connectivity affects sleep quality and, in turn, cognitive performance.

[2]

Sleep plays a critical role in memory formation, attention, and emotional regulation. During sleep, the brain consolidates information learned throughout the day, strengthening neural connections that support learning. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to slower reaction times, improved decision-making, and difficulty concentrating on complex tasks.

[3]

One factor contributing to sleep disruption is evening exposure to screens. Light emitted by electronic devices suppress the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body’s sleep–wake cycle. As a result, individuals who use screens late at night often fall asleep later and experience shorter, less restorative sleep. These effects are especially pronounced among adolescents, many of whom report using their phones in bed.

[4]

Researchers have also explored how reduced sleep affects cognitive performance the following day. In laboratory studies, participants who slept fewer hours performed worse on tests measuring attention and working memory than those who were well rested. These deficits can affect academic performance, workplace productivity, and decision-making in everyday situations. Although caffeine can temporarily increase alertness, it does not fully counteract the cognitive consequences of sleep loss, particularly for tasks requiring sustained focus.

[5]

Given this evidence, some experts recommend limiting screen use before bedtime as a practical way to protect both sleep quality and cognitive functioning. Strategies such as setting device curfews, dimming screens, or replacing evening screen time with reading help reduce exposure to sleep-disrupting light and mental stimulation. While technology itself is not inherently harmful, its use—particularly at night—requiring thoughtful management to support long-term cognitive health. [*]

Which transition word or phrase is most logical in context?

F. No Change

G. As a result,

H. In fact,

J. While

(select answer below)

[1]

In recent decades, digital technology has become deeply embedded in daily life. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops allow people to work, communicate, and seek entertainment at nearly any hour. Once these tools offer undeniable convenience, researchers have begun to examine how constant connectivity affects sleep quality and, in turn, cognitive performance.

[2]

Sleep plays a critical role in memory formation, attention, and emotional regulation. During sleep, the brain consolidates information learned throughout the day, strengthening neural connections that support learning. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to slower reaction times, improved decision-making, and difficulty concentrating on complex tasks.

[3]

One factor contributing to sleep disruption is evening exposure to screens. Light emitted by electronic devices suppress the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body’s sleep–wake cycle. As a result, individuals who use screens late at night often fall asleep later and experience shorter, less restorative sleep. These effects are especially pronounced among adolescents, many of whom report using their phones in bed.

[4]

Researchers have also explored how reduced sleep affects cognitive performance the following day. In laboratory studies, participants who slept fewer hours performed worse on tests measuring attention and working memory than those who were well rested. These deficits can affect academic performance, workplace productivity, and decision-making in everyday situations. Although caffeine can temporarily increase alertness, it does not fully counteract the cognitive consequences of sleep loss, particularly for tasks requiring sustained focus.

[5]

Given this evidence, some experts recommend limiting screen use before bedtime as a practical way to protect both sleep quality and cognitive functioning. Strategies such as setting device curfews, dimming screens, or replacing evening screen time with reading help reduce exposure to sleep-disrupting light and mental stimulation. While technology itself is not inherently harmful, its use—particularly at night—requiring thoughtful management to support long-term cognitive health. [*]

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. and in turn,

C. and: in turn,

D. and; in turn,

(select answer below)

[1]

In recent decades, digital technology has become deeply embedded in daily life. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops allow people to work, communicate, and seek entertainment at nearly any hour. Once these tools offer undeniable convenience, researchers have begun to examine how constant connectivity affects sleep quality and, in turn, cognitive performance.

[2]

Sleep plays a critical role in memory formation, attention, and emotional regulation. During sleep, the brain consolidates information learned throughout the day, strengthening neural connections that support learning. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to slower reaction times, improved decision-making, and difficulty concentrating on complex tasks.

Which choice is clearest and most precise in context?

F. No Change

G. heightened

H. infrequent

J. impaired

(select answer below)

[3]

One factor contributing to sleep disruption is evening exposure to screens. Light emitted by electronic devices suppress the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body’s sleep–wake cycle. As a result, individuals who use screens late at night often fall asleep later and experience shorter, less restorative sleep. These effects are especially pronounced among adolescents, many of whom report using their phones in bed.

[4]

Researchers have also explored how reduced sleep affects cognitive performance the following day. In laboratory studies, participants who slept fewer hours performed worse on tests measuring attention and working memory than those who were well rested. These deficits can affect academic performance, workplace productivity, and decision-making in everyday situations. Although caffeine can temporarily increase alertness, it does not fully counteract the cognitive consequences of sleep loss, particularly for tasks requiring sustained focus.

[5]

Given this evidence, some experts recommend limiting screen use before bedtime as a practical way to protect both sleep quality and cognitive functioning. Strategies such as setting device curfews, dimming screens, or replacing evening screen time with reading help reduce exposure to sleep-disrupting light and mental stimulation. While technology itself is not inherently harmful, its use—particularly at night—requiring thoughtful management to support long-term cognitive health. [*]

[1]

In recent decades, digital technology has become deeply embedded in daily life. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops allow people to work, communicate, and seek entertainment at nearly any hour. Once these tools offer undeniable convenience, researchers have begun to examine how constant connectivity affects sleep quality and, in turn, cognitive performance.

[2]

Sleep plays a critical role in memory formation, attention, and emotional regulation. During sleep, the brain consolidates information learned throughout the day, strengthening neural connections that support learning. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to slower reaction times, improved decision-making, and difficulty concentrating on complex tasks.

[3]

One factor contributing to sleep disruption is evening exposure to screens. Light emitted by electronic devices suppress the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body’s sleep–wake cycle. As a result, individuals who use screens late at night often fall asleep later and experience shorter, less restorative sleep. These effects are especially pronounced among adolescents, many of whom report using their phones in bed.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. have suppressed

C. suppresses

D. suppressing

(select answer below)

[4]

Researchers have also explored how reduced sleep affects cognitive performance the following day. In laboratory studies, participants who slept fewer hours performed worse on tests measuring attention and working memory than those who were well rested. These deficits can affect academic performance, workplace productivity, and decision-making in everyday situations. Although caffeine can temporarily increase alertness, it does not fully counteract the cognitive consequences of sleep loss, particularly for tasks requiring sustained focus.

[5]

Given this evidence, some experts recommend limiting screen use before bedtime as a practical way to protect both sleep quality and cognitive functioning. Strategies such as setting device curfews, dimming screens, or replacing evening screen time with reading help reduce exposure to sleep-disrupting light and mental stimulation. While technology itself is not inherently harmful, its use—particularly at night—requiring thoughtful management to support long-term cognitive health. [*]

[1]

In recent decades, digital technology has become deeply embedded in daily life. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops allow people to work, communicate, and seek entertainment at nearly any hour. Once these tools offer undeniable convenience, researchers have begun to examine how constant connectivity affects sleep quality and, in turn, cognitive performance.

[2]

Sleep plays a critical role in memory formation, attention, and emotional regulation. During sleep, the brain consolidates information learned throughout the day, strengthening neural connections that support learning. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to slower reaction times, improved decision-making, and difficulty concentrating on complex tasks.

[3]

One factor contributing to sleep disruption is evening exposure to screens. Light emitted by electronic devices suppress the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body’s sleep–wake cycle. As a result, individuals who use screens late at night often fall asleep later and experience shorter, less restorative sleep. These effects are especially pronounced among adolescents, many of whom report using their phones in bed.

[4]

Researchers have also explored how reduced sleep affects cognitive performance the following day. In laboratory studies, participants who slept fewer hours performed worse on tests measuring attention and working memory than those who were well rested. These deficits can affect academic performance, workplace productivity, and decision-making in everyday situations. Although caffeine can temporarily increase alertness, it does not fully counteract the cognitive consequences of sleep loss, particularly for tasks requiring sustained focus.

F. No Change

G. Beyond these biological effects, sleep loss also influences cognitive performance.

H. Technology use is common among many age groups.

J. Sleep patterns vary widely from person to person, so it is important to study a large sample size.

(select answer below)

[5]

Given this evidence, some experts recommend limiting screen use before bedtime as a practical way to protect both sleep quality and cognitive functioning. Strategies such as setting device curfews, dimming screens, or replacing evening screen time with reading help reduce exposure to sleep-disrupting light and mental stimulation. While technology itself is not inherently harmful, its use—particularly at night—requiring thoughtful management to support long-term cognitive health. [*]

[1]

In recent decades, digital technology has become deeply embedded in daily life. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops allow people to work, communicate, and seek entertainment at nearly any hour. Once these tools offer undeniable convenience, researchers have begun to examine how constant connectivity affects sleep quality and, in turn, cognitive performance.

[2]

Sleep plays a critical role in memory formation, attention, and emotional regulation. During sleep, the brain consolidates information learned throughout the day, strengthening neural connections that support learning. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to slower reaction times, improved decision-making, and difficulty concentrating on complex tasks.

[3]

One factor contributing to sleep disruption is evening exposure to screens. Light emitted by electronic devices suppress the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body’s sleep–wake cycle. As a result, individuals who use screens late at night often fall asleep later and experience shorter, less restorative sleep. These effects are especially pronounced among adolescents, many of whom report using their phones in bed.

[4]

Researchers have also explored how reduced sleep affects cognitive performance the following day. In laboratory studies, participants who slept fewer hours performed worse on tests measuring attention and working memory than those who were well rested. These deficits can affect academic performance, workplace productivity, and decision-making in everyday situations. Although caffeine can temporarily increase alertness, it does not fully counteract the cognitive consequences of sleep loss, particularly for tasks requiring sustained focus.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. then those who

C. than those whom

D. then ones whom

(select answer below)

[5]

Given this evidence, some experts recommend limiting screen use before bedtime as a practical way to protect both sleep quality and cognitive functioning. Strategies such as setting device curfews, dimming screens, or replacing evening screen time with reading help reduce exposure to sleep-disrupting light and mental stimulation. While technology itself is not inherently harmful, its use—particularly at night—requiring thoughtful management to support long-term cognitive health. [*]

[1]

In recent decades, digital technology has become deeply embedded in daily life. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops allow people to work, communicate, and seek entertainment at nearly any hour. Once these tools offer undeniable convenience, researchers have begun to examine how constant connectivity affects sleep quality and, in turn, cognitive performance.

[2]

Sleep plays a critical role in memory formation, attention, and emotional regulation. During sleep, the brain consolidates information learned throughout the day, strengthening neural connections that support learning. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to slower reaction times, improved decision-making, and difficulty concentrating on complex tasks.

[3]

One factor contributing to sleep disruption is evening exposure to screens. Light emitted by electronic devices suppress the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body’s sleep–wake cycle. As a result, individuals who use screens late at night often fall asleep later and experience shorter, less restorative sleep. These effects are especially pronounced among adolescents, many of whom report using their phones in bed.

[4]

Researchers have also explored how reduced sleep affects cognitive performance the following day. In laboratory studies, participants who slept fewer hours performed worse on tests measuring attention and working memory than those who were well rested. These deficits can affect academic performance, workplace productivity, and decision-making in everyday situations. Although caffeine can temporarily increase alertness, it does not fully counteract the cognitive consequences of sleep loss, particularly for tasks requiring sustained focus.

F. Kept, because it explains a common strategy people use to compensate for sleep loss and clarifies its limitations.

G. Kept, because it provides specific scientific data supporting the effects of sleep deprivation.

H. Deleted, because it introduces a new idea that is not fully developed or connected to the paragraph’s main focus.

J. Deleted, because it contradicts the evidence presented earlier about cognitive performance.

(select answer below)

[5]

Given this evidence, some experts recommend limiting screen use before bedtime as a practical way to protect both sleep quality and cognitive functioning. Strategies such as setting device curfews, dimming screens, or replacing evening screen time with reading help reduce exposure to sleep-disrupting light and mental stimulation. While technology itself is not inherently harmful, its use—particularly at night—requiring thoughtful management to support long-term cognitive health. [*]

[1]

In recent decades, digital technology has become deeply embedded in daily life. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops allow people to work, communicate, and seek entertainment at nearly any hour. Once these tools offer undeniable convenience, researchers have begun to examine how constant connectivity affects sleep quality and, in turn, cognitive performance.

[2]

Sleep plays a critical role in memory formation, attention, and emotional regulation. During sleep, the brain consolidates information learned throughout the day, strengthening neural connections that support learning. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to slower reaction times, improved decision-making, and difficulty concentrating on complex tasks.

[3]

One factor contributing to sleep disruption is evening exposure to screens. Light emitted by electronic devices suppress the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body’s sleep–wake cycle. As a result, individuals who use screens late at night often fall asleep later and experience shorter, less restorative sleep. These effects are especially pronounced among adolescents, many of whom report using their phones in bed.

[4]

Researchers have also explored how reduced sleep affects cognitive performance the following day. In laboratory studies, participants who slept fewer hours performed worse on tests measuring attention and working memory than those who were well rested. These deficits can affect academic performance, workplace productivity, and decision-making in everyday situations. Although caffeine can temporarily increase alertness, it does not fully counteract the cognitive consequences of sleep loss, particularly for tasks requiring sustained focus.

[5]

Given this evidence, some experts recommend limiting screen use before bedtime as a practical way to protect both sleep quality and cognitive functioning. Strategies such as setting device curfews, dimming screens, or replacing evening screen time with reading help reduce exposure to sleep-disrupting light and mental stimulation. While technology itself is not inherently harmful, its use—particularly at night—requiring thoughtful management to support long-term cognitive health. [*]

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. it’s

C. their

D. they’re

(select answer below)

[1]

In recent decades, digital technology has become deeply embedded in daily life. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops allow people to work, communicate, and seek entertainment at nearly any hour. Once these tools offer undeniable convenience, researchers have begun to examine how constant connectivity affects sleep quality and, in turn, cognitive performance.

[2]

Sleep plays a critical role in memory formation, attention, and emotional regulation. During sleep, the brain consolidates information learned throughout the day, strengthening neural connections that support learning. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to slower reaction times, improved decision-making, and difficulty concentrating on complex tasks.

[3]

One factor contributing to sleep disruption is evening exposure to screens. Light emitted by electronic devices suppress the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body’s sleep–wake cycle. As a result, individuals who use screens late at night often fall asleep later and experience shorter, less restorative sleep. These effects are especially pronounced among adolescents, many of whom report using their phones in bed.

[4]

Researchers have also explored how reduced sleep affects cognitive performance the following day. In laboratory studies, participants who slept fewer hours performed worse on tests measuring attention and working memory than those who were well rested. These deficits can affect academic performance, workplace productivity, and decision-making in everyday situations. Although caffeine can temporarily increase alertness, it does not fully counteract the cognitive consequences of sleep loss, particularly for tasks requiring sustained focus.

[5]

Given this evidence, some experts recommend limiting screen use before bedtime as a practical way to protect both sleep quality and cognitive functioning. Strategies such as setting device curfews, dimming screens, or replacing evening screen time with reading help reduce exposure to sleep-disrupting light and mental stimulation. While technology itself is not inherently harmful, its use—particularly at night—requiring thoughtful management to support long-term cognitive health. [*]

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. requires

H. require

J. required

(select answer below)

[1]

In recent decades, digital technology has become deeply embedded in daily life. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops allow people to work, communicate, and seek entertainment at nearly any hour. Once these tools offer undeniable convenience, researchers have begun to examine how constant connectivity affects sleep quality and, in turn, cognitive performance.

[2]

Sleep plays a critical role in memory formation, attention, and emotional regulation. During sleep, the brain consolidates information learned throughout the day, strengthening neural connections that support learning. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to slower reaction times, improved decision-making, and difficulty concentrating on complex tasks.

[3]

One factor contributing to sleep disruption is evening exposure to screens. Light emitted by electronic devices suppress the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body’s sleep–wake cycle. As a result, individuals who use screens late at night often fall asleep later and experience shorter, less restorative sleep. These effects are especially pronounced among adolescents, many of whom report using their phones in bed.

[4]

Researchers have also explored how reduced sleep affects cognitive performance the following day. In laboratory studies, participants who slept fewer hours performed worse on tests measuring attention and working memory than those who were well rested. These deficits can affect academic performance, workplace productivity, and decision-making in everyday situations. Although caffeine can temporarily increase alertness, it does not fully counteract the cognitive consequences of sleep loss, particularly for tasks requiring sustained focus.

[5]

Given this evidence, some experts recommend limiting screen use before bedtime as a practical way to protect both sleep quality and cognitive functioning. Strategies such as setting device curfews, dimming screens, or replacing evening screen time with reading help reduce exposure to sleep-disrupting light and mental stimulation. While technology itself is not inherently harmful, its use—particularly at night—requiring thoughtful management to support long-term cognitive health. [*]

Which choice would most effectively conclude the essay?

A. Ongoing research continues to refine scientists’ understanding of how sleep and technology interact.

B. As digital devices become increasingly integrated into modern life, the long-term effects of screen exposure will be debated.

C. Although technology offers many benefits, excessive screen use has been linked to reduced sleep duration.

D. Though not easy in today’s world, the evidence underscores the importance of deliberate technology use before sleep.

(select answer below)

[1]

In the early twentieth century, journalist and activist Ida B. Wells emerged as one of the most influential voices against racial violence in the United States. After witnessing the lynching of several acquaintances in Memphis, Wells began documenting incidents of mob violence and challenging widely accepted justifications for it. At a time when such crimes were often ignored—or even defended—by mainstream newspapers her reporting demanded public accountability.

[2]

Wells traveled extensively to gather evidence, analyze patterns, and publish editorials exposing the realities of lynching. Her investigations demonstrated that these acts were not responses to criminal behavior, as commonly claimed, but tools used to enforce racial hierarchy. Because her work threatened entrenched power structures, Wells faces intimidation and exile from her hometown, yet she persisted in her advocacy.

[3]

In 1892, she published Southern Horrors, a pamphlet that compiled statistics, firsthand accounts, and legal analysis; the publication marked a turning point in national awareness of lynching. By combining investigative journalism with moral urgency, Wells reshaped public discourse and laid groundwork for future civil rights activism. Her legacy endures as a testament to the power of evidence-based protest and courageous dissent.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. from it

H. for them

J. from them

(select answer below)

[1]

In the early twentieth century, journalist and activist Ida B. Wells emerged as one of the most influential voices against racial violence in the United States. After witnessing the lynching of several acquaintances in Memphis, Wells began documenting incidents of mob violence and challenging widely accepted justifications for it. At a time when such crimes were often ignored—or even defended—by mainstream newspapers her reporting demanded public accountability.

[2]

Wells traveled extensively to gather evidence, analyze patterns, and publish editorials exposing the realities of lynching. Her investigations demonstrated that these acts were not responses to criminal behavior, as commonly claimed, but tools used to enforce racial hierarchy. Because her work threatened entrenched power structures, Wells faces intimidation and exile from her hometown, yet she persisted in her advocacy.

[3]

In 1892, she published Southern Horrors, a pamphlet that compiled statistics, firsthand accounts, and legal analysis; the publication marked a turning point in national awareness of lynching. By combining investigative journalism with moral urgency, Wells reshaped public discourse and laid groundwork for future civil rights activism. Her legacy endures as a testament to the power of evidence-based protest and courageous dissent.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. newspapers, her

C. newspapers; her

D. newspapers: her

(select answer below)

[1]

In the early twentieth century, journalist and activist Ida B. Wells emerged as one of the most influential voices against racial violence in the United States. After witnessing the lynching of several acquaintances in Memphis, Wells began documenting incidents of mob violence and challenging widely accepted justifications for it. At a time when such crimes were often ignored—or even defended—by mainstream newspapers her reporting demanded public accountability.

[2]

Wells traveled extensively to gather evidence, analyze patterns, and publish editorials exposing the realities of lynching. Her investigations demonstrated that these acts were not responses to criminal behavior, as commonly claimed, but tools used to enforce racial hierarchy. Because her work threatened entrenched power structures, Wells faces intimidation and exile from her hometown, yet she persisted in her advocacy.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. face

H. is facing

J. faced

(select answer below)

[3]

In 1892, she published Southern Horrors, a pamphlet that compiled statistics, firsthand accounts, and legal analysis; the publication marked a turning point in national awareness of lynching. By combining investigative journalism with moral urgency, Wells reshaped public discourse and laid groundwork for future civil rights activism. Her legacy endures as a testament to the power of evidence-based protest and courageous dissent.

[1]

In the early twentieth century, journalist and activist Ida B. Wells emerged as one of the most influential voices against racial violence in the United States. After witnessing the lynching of several acquaintances in Memphis, Wells began documenting incidents of mob violence and challenging widely accepted justifications for it. At a time when such crimes were often ignored—or even defended—by mainstream newspapers her reporting demanded public accountability.

[2]

Wells traveled extensively to gather evidence, analyze patterns, and publish editorials exposing the realities of lynching. Her investigations demonstrated that these acts were not responses to criminal behavior, as commonly claimed, but tools used to enforce racial hierarchy. Because her work threatened entrenched power structures, Wells faces intimidation and exile from her hometown, yet she persisted in her advocacy.

[3]

In 1892, she published Southern Horrors, a pamphlet that compiled statistics, firsthand accounts, and legal analysis; the publication marked a turning point in national awareness of lynching. By combining investigative journalism with moral urgency, Wells reshaped public discourse and laid groundwork for future civil rights activism. Her legacy endures as a testament to the power of evidence-based protest and courageous dissent.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. analysis: but the

C. analysis, the

D. analysis; and the

(select answer below)

[1]

In the early twentieth century, journalist and activist Ida B. Wells emerged as one of the most influential voices against racial violence in the United States. After witnessing the lynching of several acquaintances in Memphis, Wells began documenting incidents of mob violence and challenging widely accepted justifications for it. At a time when such crimes were often ignored—or even defended—by mainstream newspapers her reporting demanded public accountability.

[2]

Wells traveled extensively to gather evidence, analyze patterns, and publish editorials exposing the realities of lynching. Her investigations demonstrated that these acts were not responses to criminal behavior, as commonly claimed, but tools used to enforce racial hierarchy. Because her work threatened entrenched power structures, Wells faces intimidation and exile from her hometown, yet she persisted in her advocacy.

[3]

In 1892, she published Southern Horrors, a pamphlet that compiled statistics, firsthand accounts, and legal analysis; the publication marked a turning point in national awareness of lynching. By combining investigative journalism with moral urgency, Wells reshaped public discourse and laid groundwork for future civil rights activism. Her legacy endures as a testament to the power of evidence-based protest and courageous dissent.

Which choice is clearest and most precise in context?

F. No Change

G. suffers

H. ensues

J. exudes

(select answer below)

[1]

In the late nineteenth century, the construction of the Eiffel Tower transformed the Paris skyline and would have challenged prevailing ideas about architecture and public art. Designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair, the tower was intended to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution. At the time, however, many Parisians viewed the proposed structure with suspicion rather then pride.

[2]

Critics argued that the tower’s exposed iron framework clashed with the city’s classical aesthetic. A group of prominent artists and writers even signed a public petition condemning the project, calling it a “monstrous” eyesore that would dominate the city for decades. Despite these objections, construction moved forward, and the tower rose rapidly over the Champ de Mars to a height of more than 1,000 feet.

[3]

Similar to how it was initially perceived, when the Eiffel Tower opened to the public in 1889, it quickly became one of the fair’s most popular attractions. Visitors ascended its platforms to enjoy unprecedented views of Paris, while engineers praised its innovative design. Although originally intended to stand for only twenty years, many found the tower to be useful far beyond its initial purpose. [*]

[4]

Over time, public opinion shifted. What had once been dismissed as an industrial intrusion came to be celebrated as a symbol of modernity and engineering ingenuity. The tower survived proposed demolition and gradually embedded itself in its cultural identity. Today, it is difficult to imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower rising above the Seine.

[5]

The structure’s enduring legacy lies not only in its physical presence but also in what it represents. Initially criticized as an industrial intrusion; the Eiffel Tower ultimately came to symbolize modernity, innovation, and national pride. Its history illustrates how public perception can evolve over time, particularly when bold ideas challenge established conventions. What began as a temporary exhibition piece became a lasting emblem of Paris, demonstrating that resistance to change does not preclude eventual acceptance, and that visionary design can redefine cultural identity.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. while it challenges

C. and challenged

D. and it challenges

(select answer below)

[1]

In the late nineteenth century, the construction of the Eiffel Tower transformed the Paris skyline and would have challenged prevailing ideas about architecture and public art. Designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair, the tower was intended to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution. At the time, however, many Parisians viewed the proposed structure with suspicion rather then pride.

[2]

Critics argued that the tower’s exposed iron framework clashed with the city’s classical aesthetic. A group of prominent artists and writers even signed a public petition condemning the project, calling it a “monstrous” eyesore that would dominate the city for decades. Despite these objections, construction moved forward, and the tower rose rapidly over the Champ de Mars to a height of more than 1,000 feet.

[3]

Similar to how it was initially perceived, when the Eiffel Tower opened to the public in 1889, it quickly became one of the fair’s most popular attractions. Visitors ascended its platforms to enjoy unprecedented views of Paris, while engineers praised its innovative design. Although originally intended to stand for only twenty years, many found the tower to be useful far beyond its initial purpose. [*]

[4]

Over time, public opinion shifted. What had once been dismissed as an industrial intrusion came to be celebrated as a symbol of modernity and engineering ingenuity. The tower survived proposed demolition and gradually embedded itself in its cultural identity. Today, it is difficult to imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower rising above the Seine.

[5]

The structure’s enduring legacy lies not only in its physical presence but also in what it represents. Initially criticized as an industrial intrusion; the Eiffel Tower ultimately came to symbolize modernity, innovation, and national pride. Its history illustrates how public perception can evolve over time, particularly when bold ideas challenge established conventions. What began as a temporary exhibition piece became a lasting emblem of Paris, demonstrating that resistance to change does not preclude eventual acceptance, and that visionary design can redefine cultural identity.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. that

H. than

J. their

(select answer below)

[1]

In the late nineteenth century, the construction of the Eiffel Tower transformed the Paris skyline and would have challenged prevailing ideas about architecture and public art. Designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair, the tower was intended to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution. At the time, however, many Parisians viewed the proposed structure with suspicion rather then pride.

[2]

Critics argued that the tower’s exposed iron framework clashed with the city’s classical aesthetic. A group of prominent artists and writers even signed a public petition condemning the project, calling it a “monstrous” eyesore that would dominate the city for decades. Despite these objections, construction moved forward, and the tower rose rapidly over the Champ de Mars to a height of more than 1,000 feet.

Which choice best maintains the essay’s stylistic pattern?

A. No Change

B. conflicted sharply with

C. went against

D. stood unlike

(select answer below)

[3]

Similar to how it was initially perceived, when the Eiffel Tower opened to the public in 1889, it quickly became one of the fair’s most popular attractions. Visitors ascended its platforms to enjoy unprecedented views of Paris, while engineers praised its innovative design. Although originally intended to stand for only twenty years, many found the tower to be useful far beyond its initial purpose. [*]

[4]

Over time, public opinion shifted. What had once been dismissed as an industrial intrusion came to be celebrated as a symbol of modernity and engineering ingenuity. The tower survived proposed demolition and gradually embedded itself in its cultural identity. Today, it is difficult to imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower rising above the Seine.

[5]

The structure’s enduring legacy lies not only in its physical presence but also in what it represents. Initially criticized as an industrial intrusion; the Eiffel Tower ultimately came to symbolize modernity, innovation, and national pride. Its history illustrates how public perception can evolve over time, particularly when bold ideas challenge established conventions. What began as a temporary exhibition piece became a lasting emblem of Paris, demonstrating that resistance to change does not preclude eventual acceptance, and that visionary design can redefine cultural identity.

[1]

In the late nineteenth century, the construction of the Eiffel Tower transformed the Paris skyline and would have challenged prevailing ideas about architecture and public art. Designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair, the tower was intended to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution. At the time, however, many Parisians viewed the proposed structure with suspicion rather then pride.

[2]

Critics argued that the tower’s exposed iron framework clashed with the city’s classical aesthetic. A group of prominent artists and writers even signed a public petition condemning the project, calling it a “monstrous” eyesore that would dominate the city for decades. Despite these objections, construction moved forward, and the tower rose rapidly over the Champ de Mars to a height of more than 1,000 feet.

Which choice is least redundant in context while maintaining the sentence’s intended meaning?

F. No Change

G. rose rapidly upward over the Champ de Mars, reaching a height of more than 1,000 feet.

H. rose rapidly over the Champ de Mars to a height of more than 1,000 feet high.

J. rose rapidly and quickly over the Champ de Mars, reaching more than 1,000 feet.

(select answer below)

[3]

Similar to how it was initially perceived, when the Eiffel Tower opened to the public in 1889, it quickly became one of the fair’s most popular attractions. Visitors ascended its platforms to enjoy unprecedented views of Paris, while engineers praised its innovative design. Although originally intended to stand for only twenty years, many found the tower to be useful far beyond its initial purpose. [*]

[4]

Over time, public opinion shifted. What had once been dismissed as an industrial intrusion came to be celebrated as a symbol of modernity and engineering ingenuity. The tower survived proposed demolition and gradually embedded itself in its cultural identity. Today, it is difficult to imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower rising above the Seine.

[5]

The structure’s enduring legacy lies not only in its physical presence but also in what it represents. Initially criticized as an industrial intrusion; the Eiffel Tower ultimately came to symbolize modernity, innovation, and national pride. Its history illustrates how public perception can evolve over time, particularly when bold ideas challenge established conventions. What began as a temporary exhibition piece became a lasting emblem of Paris, demonstrating that resistance to change does not preclude eventual acceptance, and that visionary design can redefine cultural identity.

[1]

In the late nineteenth century, the construction of the Eiffel Tower transformed the Paris skyline and would have challenged prevailing ideas about architecture and public art. Designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair, the tower was intended to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution. At the time, however, many Parisians viewed the proposed structure with suspicion rather then pride.

[2]

Critics argued that the tower’s exposed iron framework clashed with the city’s classical aesthetic. A group of prominent artists and writers even signed a public petition condemning the project, calling it a “monstrous” eyesore that would dominate the city for decades. Despite these objections, construction moved forward, and the tower rose rapidly over the Champ de Mars to a height of more than 1,000 feet.

[3]

Similar to how it was initially perceived, when the Eiffel Tower opened to the public in 1889, it quickly became one of the fair’s most popular attractions. Visitors ascended its platforms to enjoy unprecedented views of Paris, while engineers praised its innovative design. Although originally intended to stand for only twenty years, many found the tower to be useful far beyond its initial purpose. [*]

Which transition most effectively signals a shift from criticism to public reception?

A. No Change

B. In an effort to appease critics,

C. To further support the sentiment of the creatives’ petition,

D. Despite the pushback from critics during construction,

(select answer below)

[4]

Over time, public opinion shifted. What had once been dismissed as an industrial intrusion came to be celebrated as a symbol of modernity and engineering ingenuity. The tower survived proposed demolition and gradually embedded itself in its cultural identity. Today, it is difficult to imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower rising above the Seine.

[5]

The structure’s enduring legacy lies not only in its physical presence but also in what it represents. Initially criticized as an industrial intrusion; the Eiffel Tower ultimately came to symbolize modernity, innovation, and national pride. Its history illustrates how public perception can evolve over time, particularly when bold ideas challenge established conventions. What began as a temporary exhibition piece became a lasting emblem of Paris, demonstrating that resistance to change does not preclude eventual acceptance, and that visionary design can redefine cultural identity.

[1]

In the late nineteenth century, the construction of the Eiffel Tower transformed the Paris skyline and would have challenged prevailing ideas about architecture and public art. Designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair, the tower was intended to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution. At the time, however, many Parisians viewed the proposed structure with suspicion rather then pride.

[2]

Critics argued that the tower’s exposed iron framework clashed with the city’s classical aesthetic. A group of prominent artists and writers even signed a public petition condemning the project, calling it a “monstrous” eyesore that would dominate the city for decades. Despite these objections, construction moved forward, and the tower rose rapidly over the Champ de Mars to a height of more than 1,000 feet.

[3]

Similar to how it was initially perceived, when the Eiffel Tower opened to the public in 1889, it quickly became one of the fair’s most popular attractions. Visitors ascended its platforms to enjoy unprecedented views of Paris, while engineers praised its innovative design. Although originally intended to stand for only twenty years, many found the tower to be useful far beyond its initial purpose. [*]

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. many people were able to use the tower for additional purposes.

H. the tower proved to be useful far beyond its initial purpose.

J. there proved to be many useful purposes for the tower beyond its initial purpose.

(select answer below)

[4]

Over time, public opinion shifted. What had once been dismissed as an industrial intrusion came to be celebrated as a symbol of modernity and engineering ingenuity. The tower survived proposed demolition and gradually embedded itself in its cultural identity. Today, it is difficult to imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower rising above the Seine.

[5]

The structure’s enduring legacy lies not only in its physical presence but also in what it represents. Initially criticized as an industrial intrusion; the Eiffel Tower ultimately came to symbolize modernity, innovation, and national pride. Its history illustrates how public perception can evolve over time, particularly when bold ideas challenge established conventions. What began as a temporary exhibition piece became a lasting emblem of Paris, demonstrating that resistance to change does not preclude eventual acceptance, and that visionary design can redefine cultural identity.

[1]

In the late nineteenth century, the construction of the Eiffel Tower transformed the Paris skyline and would have challenged prevailing ideas about architecture and public art. Designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair, the tower was intended to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution. At the time, however, many Parisians viewed the proposed structure with suspicion rather then pride.

[2]

Critics argued that the tower’s exposed iron framework clashed with the city’s classical aesthetic. A group of prominent artists and writers even signed a public petition condemning the project, calling it a “monstrous” eyesore that would dominate the city for decades. Despite these objections, construction moved forward, and the tower rose rapidly over the Champ de Mars to a height of more than 1,000 feet.

[3]

Similar to how it was initially perceived, when the Eiffel Tower opened to the public in 1889, it quickly became one of the fair’s most popular attractions. Visitors ascended its platforms to enjoy unprecedented views of Paris, while engineers praised its innovative design. Although originally intended to stand for only twenty years, many found the tower to be useful far beyond its initial purpose. [*]

Which sentence, if placed here, best describes the additional uses for the tower’s height referenced in the preceding sentence?

A. The tower’s height contributed to its popularity among fairgoers seeking expansive views of the city.

B. Its height made it ideal for scientific experiments, including meteorological observations and early radio transmissions.

C. Because of its height, the tower became a prominent feature of Paris’s skyline.

D. The structure’s height distinguished it from earlier architectural projects in the city.

(select answer below)

[4]

Over time, public opinion shifted. What had once been dismissed as an industrial intrusion came to be celebrated as a symbol of modernity and engineering ingenuity. The tower survived proposed demolition and gradually embedded itself in its cultural identity. Today, it is difficult to imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower rising above the Seine.

[5]

The structure’s enduring legacy lies not only in its physical presence but also in what it represents. Initially criticized as an industrial intrusion; the Eiffel Tower ultimately came to symbolize modernity, innovation, and national pride. Its history illustrates how public perception can evolve over time, particularly when bold ideas challenge established conventions. What began as a temporary exhibition piece became a lasting emblem of Paris, demonstrating that resistance to change does not preclude eventual acceptance, and that visionary design can redefine cultural identity.

[1]

In the late nineteenth century, the construction of the Eiffel Tower transformed the Paris skyline and would have challenged prevailing ideas about architecture and public art. Designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair, the tower was intended to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution. At the time, however, many Parisians viewed the proposed structure with suspicion rather then pride.

[2]

Critics argued that the tower’s exposed iron framework clashed with the city’s classical aesthetic. A group of prominent artists and writers even signed a public petition condemning the project, calling it a “monstrous” eyesore that would dominate the city for decades. Despite these objections, construction moved forward, and the tower rose rapidly over the Champ de Mars to a height of more than 1,000 feet.

[3]

Similar to how it was initially perceived, when the Eiffel Tower opened to the public in 1889, it quickly became one of the fair’s most popular attractions. Visitors ascended its platforms to enjoy unprecedented views of Paris, while engineers praised its innovative design. Although originally intended to stand for only twenty years, many found the tower to be useful far beyond its initial purpose. [*]

[4]

Over time, public opinion shifted. What had once been dismissed as an industrial intrusion came to be celebrated as a symbol of modernity and engineering ingenuity. The tower survived proposed demolition and gradually embedded itself in its cultural identity. Today, it is difficult to imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower rising above the Seine.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. Frances’

H. it’s

J. French

(select answer below)

[5]

The structure’s enduring legacy lies not only in its physical presence but also in what it represents. Initially criticized as an industrial intrusion; the Eiffel Tower ultimately came to symbolize modernity, innovation, and national pride. Its history illustrates how public perception can evolve over time, particularly when bold ideas challenge established conventions. What began as a temporary exhibition piece became a lasting emblem of Paris, demonstrating that resistance to change does not preclude eventual acceptance, and that visionary design can redefine cultural identity.

[1]

In the late nineteenth century, the construction of the Eiffel Tower transformed the Paris skyline and would have challenged prevailing ideas about architecture and public art. Designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair, the tower was intended to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution. At the time, however, many Parisians viewed the proposed structure with suspicion rather then pride.

[2]

Critics argued that the tower’s exposed iron framework clashed with the city’s classical aesthetic. A group of prominent artists and writers even signed a public petition condemning the project, calling it a “monstrous” eyesore that would dominate the city for decades. Despite these objections, construction moved forward, and the tower rose rapidly over the Champ de Mars to a height of more than 1,000 feet.

[3]

Similar to how it was initially perceived, when the Eiffel Tower opened to the public in 1889, it quickly became one of the fair’s most popular attractions. Visitors ascended its platforms to enjoy unprecedented views of Paris, while engineers praised its innovative design. Although originally intended to stand for only twenty years, many found the tower to be useful far beyond its initial purpose. [*]

[4]

Over time, public opinion shifted. What had once been dismissed as an industrial intrusion came to be celebrated as a symbol of modernity and engineering ingenuity. The tower survived proposed demolition and gradually embedded itself in its cultural identity. Today, it is difficult to imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower rising above the Seine.

[5]

The structure’s enduring legacy lies not only in its physical presence but also in what it represents. Initially criticized as an industrial intrusion; the Eiffel Tower ultimately came to symbolize modernity, innovation, and national pride. Its history illustrates how public perception can evolve over time, particularly when bold ideas challenge established conventions. What began as a temporary exhibition piece became a lasting emblem of Paris, demonstrating that resistance to change does not preclude eventual acceptance, and that visionary design can redefine cultural identity.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

A. No Change

B. intrusion. The

C. intrusion, but the

D. intrusion, the

(select answer below)

[1]

In the late nineteenth century, the construction of the Eiffel Tower transformed the Paris skyline and would have challenged prevailing ideas about architecture and public art. Designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair, the tower was intended to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution. At the time, however, many Parisians viewed the proposed structure with suspicion rather then pride.

[2]

Critics argued that the tower’s exposed iron framework clashed with the city’s classical aesthetic. A group of prominent artists and writers even signed a public petition condemning the project, calling it a “monstrous” eyesore that would dominate the city for decades. Despite these objections, construction moved forward, and the tower rose rapidly over the Champ de Mars to a height of more than 1,000 feet.

[3]

Similar to how it was initially perceived, when the Eiffel Tower opened to the public in 1889, it quickly became one of the fair’s most popular attractions. Visitors ascended its platforms to enjoy unprecedented views of Paris, while engineers praised its innovative design. Although originally intended to stand for only twenty years, many found the tower to be useful far beyond its initial purpose. [*]

[4]

Over time, public opinion shifted. What had once been dismissed as an industrial intrusion came to be celebrated as a symbol of modernity and engineering ingenuity. The tower survived proposed demolition and gradually embedded itself in its cultural identity. Today, it is difficult to imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower rising above the Seine.

[5]

The structure’s enduring legacy lies not only in its physical presence but also in what it represents. Initially criticized as an industrial intrusion; the Eiffel Tower ultimately came to symbolize modernity, innovation, and national pride. Its history illustrates how public perception can evolve over time, particularly when bold ideas challenge established conventions. What began as a temporary exhibition piece became a lasting emblem of Paris, demonstrating that resistance to change does not preclude eventual acceptance, and that visionary design can redefine cultural identity.

The writer is considering deleting the underlined portion. Should the writer make this deletion?

F. Yes, because the underlined portion distracts the reader from the essay’s main theme.

G. Yes, because the underlined portion introduces a new argument about public opinion of the tower years after it was built.

H. No, because the underlined portion emphasizes that the tower was not only accepted by the country, but deeply embedded in its culture.

J. No, because the underlined portion contradicts the historical details provided earlier.

(select answer below)