English Practice Test 1 (Untimed) – Outschool

[1]

In 1976, cryptographers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman introduced a revolutionary concept that transformed the field of secure communication: public-key cryptography. This groundbreaking idea allowed for secure exchanges of information over insecure channels, however, eliminating the need for a pre-shared secret key. Public-key cryptography relies on the use of two keys—a public key, which can be shared openly, and a private key, which is kept secret by the owner. A message encrypted with a recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with their private key, ensuring confidentiality.

[2]

Public-key cryptography relies on complex mathematical algorithms. The RSA algorithm, named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, became one of the first practical implementations of this idea. The RSA algorithm creates public and private keys for secure data transmission and is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large integers.

[3]

Implementing public-key cryptography requires significant advancements in computing power over the years. Early encryption and decryption processes were computationally intensive and slow, making them practical for widespread use. For example, as computing technology advanced, so did the efficiency of cryptographic methods. By the 1990s, public-key cryptography had become feasible for everyday use, paving the way for secure internet communications.

[4]

Today, public-key cryptography underpins many aspects of our digital lives. It secures online transactions, protects sensitive information, and enables secure communication channels. Modern applications like SSL/TLS and PGP, that secure internet connections and email privacy, respectively, rely heavily on the principles of public-key cryptography.

[5]

[*] Quantum computing, for instance, is a method that can be used by attackers to derive a private key from a public key, allowing them to decrypt the information that was previously protected by the private key. Quantum computing poses a potential threat to current cryptographic systems; prompting researchers to develop quantum-resistant algorithms. For now, public-key cryptography remains a cornerstone of digital security, ensuring the privacy and integrity of information in an increasingly interconnected world.

A. No Change

B. cryptographers Whitfield Diffie, and Martin Hellman

C. cryptographers, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman,

D. cryptographers, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman,

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1976, cryptographers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman introduced a revolutionary concept that transformed the field of secure communication: public-key cryptography. This groundbreaking idea allowed for secure exchanges of information over insecure channels, however, eliminating the need for a pre-shared secret key. Public-key cryptography relies on the use of two keys—a public key, which can be shared openly, and a private key, which is kept secret by the owner. A message encrypted with a recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with their private key, ensuring confidentiality.

[2]

Public-key cryptography relies on complex mathematical algorithms. The RSA algorithm, named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, became one of the first practical implementations of this idea. The RSA algorithm creates public and private keys for secure data transmission and is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large integers.

[3]

Implementing public-key cryptography requires significant advancements in computing power over the years. Early encryption and decryption processes were computationally intensive and slow, making them practical for widespread use. For example, as computing technology advanced, so did the efficiency of cryptographic methods. By the 1990s, public-key cryptography had become feasible for everyday use, paving the way for secure internet communications.

[4]

Today, public-key cryptography underpins many aspects of our digital lives. It secures online transactions, protects sensitive information, and enables secure communication channels. Modern applications like SSL/TLS and PGP, that secure internet connections and email privacy, respectively, rely heavily on the principles of public-key cryptography.

[5]

[*] Quantum computing, for instance, is a method that can be used by attackers to derive a private key from a public key, allowing them to decrypt the information that was previously protected by the private key. Quantum computing poses a potential threat to current cryptographic systems; prompting researchers to develop quantum-resistant algorithms. For now, public-key cryptography remains a cornerstone of digital security, ensuring the privacy and integrity of information in an increasingly interconnected world.

F. No Change

G. consequently,

H. for example,

J. Delete the underlined portion.

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1976, cryptographers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman introduced a revolutionary concept that transformed the field of secure communication: public-key cryptography. This groundbreaking idea allowed for secure exchanges of information over insecure channels, however, eliminating the need for a pre-shared secret key. Public-key cryptography relies on the use of two keys—a public key, which can be shared openly, and a private key, which is kept secret by the owner. A message encrypted with a recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with their private key, ensuring confidentiality.

[2]

Public-key cryptography relies on complex mathematical algorithms. The RSA algorithm, named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, became one of the first practical implementations of this idea. The RSA algorithm creates public and private keys for secure data transmission and is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large integers.

[3]

Implementing public-key cryptography requires significant advancements in computing power over the years. Early encryption and decryption processes were computationally intensive and slow, making them practical for widespread use. For example, as computing technology advanced, so did the efficiency of cryptographic methods. By the 1990s, public-key cryptography had become feasible for everyday use, paving the way for secure internet communications.

[4]

Today, public-key cryptography underpins many aspects of our digital lives. It secures online transactions, protects sensitive information, and enables secure communication channels. Modern applications like SSL/TLS and PGP, that secure internet connections and email privacy, respectively, rely heavily on the principles of public-key cryptography.

[5]

[*] Quantum computing, for instance, is a method that can be used by attackers to derive a private key from a public key, allowing them to decrypt the information that was previously protected by the private key. Quantum computing poses a potential threat to current cryptographic systems; prompting researchers to develop quantum-resistant algorithms. For now, public-key cryptography remains a cornerstone of digital security, ensuring the privacy and integrity of information in an increasingly interconnected world.

A. Kept, because it provides an example of a mathematical algorithm that underpins public-key cryptography.

B. Kept, because it explains the RSA acronym.

C. Deleted, because it includes technical details that are not relevant to the paragraph.

D. Deleted, because it repeats information provided earlier in the paragraph.

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1976, cryptographers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman introduced a revolutionary concept that transformed the field of secure communication: public-key cryptography. This groundbreaking idea allowed for secure exchanges of information over insecure channels, however, eliminating the need for a pre-shared secret key. Public-key cryptography relies on the use of two keys—a public key, which can be shared openly, and a private key, which is kept secret by the owner. A message encrypted with a recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with their private key, ensuring confidentiality.

[2]

Public-key cryptography relies on complex mathematical algorithms. The RSA algorithm, named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, became one of the first practical implementations of this idea. The RSA algorithm creates public and private keys for secure data transmission and is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large integers.

[3]

Implementing public-key cryptography requires significant advancements in computing power over the years. Early encryption and decryption processes were computationally intensive and slow, making them practical for widespread use. For example, as computing technology advanced, so did the efficiency of cryptographic methods. By the 1990s, public-key cryptography had become feasible for everyday use, paving the way for secure internet communications.

[4]

Today, public-key cryptography underpins many aspects of our digital lives. It secures online transactions, protects sensitive information, and enables secure communication channels. Modern applications like SSL/TLS and PGP, that secure internet connections and email privacy, respectively, rely heavily on the principles of public-key cryptography.

[5]

[*] Quantum computing, for instance, is a method that can be used by attackers to derive a private key from a public key, allowing them to decrypt the information that was previously protected by the private key. Quantum computing poses a potential threat to current cryptographic systems; prompting researchers to develop quantum-resistant algorithms. For now, public-key cryptography remains a cornerstone of digital security, ensuring the privacy and integrity of information in an increasingly interconnected world.

F. No Change

G. require

H. has required

J. is requiring

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1976, cryptographers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman introduced a revolutionary concept that transformed the field of secure communication: public-key cryptography. This groundbreaking idea allowed for secure exchanges of information over insecure channels, however, eliminating the need for a pre-shared secret key. Public-key cryptography relies on the use of two keys—a public key, which can be shared openly, and a private key, which is kept secret by the owner. A message encrypted with a recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with their private key, ensuring confidentiality.

[2]

Public-key cryptography relies on complex mathematical algorithms. The RSA algorithm, named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, became one of the first practical implementations of this idea. The RSA algorithm creates public and private keys for secure data transmission and is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large integers.

[3]

Implementing public-key cryptography requires significant advancements in computing power over the years. Early encryption and decryption processes were computationally intensive and slow, making them practical for widespread use. For example, as computing technology advanced, so did the efficiency of cryptographic methods. By the 1990s, public-key cryptography had become feasible for everyday use, paving the way for secure internet communications.

[4]

Today, public-key cryptography underpins many aspects of our digital lives. It secures online transactions, protects sensitive information, and enables secure communication channels. Modern applications like SSL/TLS and PGP, that secure internet connections and email privacy, respectively, rely heavily on the principles of public-key cryptography.

[5]

[*] Quantum computing, for instance, is a method that can be used by attackers to derive a private key from a public key, allowing them to decrypt the information that was previously protected by the private key. Quantum computing poses a potential threat to current cryptographic systems; prompting researchers to develop quantum-resistant algorithms. For now, public-key cryptography remains a cornerstone of digital security, ensuring the privacy and integrity of information in an increasingly interconnected world.

A. No Change

B. important

C. vital

D. impractical

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1976, cryptographers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman introduced a revolutionary concept that transformed the field of secure communication: public-key cryptography. This groundbreaking idea allowed for secure exchanges of information over insecure channels, however, eliminating the need for a pre-shared secret key. Public-key cryptography relies on the use of two keys—a public key, which can be shared openly, and a private key, which is kept secret by the owner. A message encrypted with a recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with their private key, ensuring confidentiality.

[2]

Public-key cryptography relies on complex mathematical algorithms. The RSA algorithm, named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, became one of the first practical implementations of this idea. The RSA algorithm creates public and private keys for secure data transmission and is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large integers.

[3]

Implementing public-key cryptography requires significant advancements in computing power over the years. Early encryption and decryption processes were computationally intensive and slow, making them practical for widespread use. For example, as computing technology advanced, so did the efficiency of cryptographic methods. By the 1990s, public-key cryptography had become feasible for everyday use, paving the way for secure internet communications.

[4]

Today, public-key cryptography underpins many aspects of our digital lives. It secures online transactions, protects sensitive information, and enables secure communication channels. Modern applications like SSL/TLS and PGP, that secure internet connections and email privacy, respectively, rely heavily on the principles of public-key cryptography.

[5]

[*] Quantum computing, for instance, is a method that can be used by attackers to derive a private key from a public key, allowing them to decrypt the information that was previously protected by the private key. Quantum computing poses a potential threat to current cryptographic systems; prompting researchers to develop quantum-resistant algorithms. For now, public-key cryptography remains a cornerstone of digital security, ensuring the privacy and integrity of information in an increasingly interconnected world.

F. No Change

G. Consequently

H. Thus

J. However

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1976, cryptographers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman introduced a revolutionary concept that transformed the field of secure communication: public-key cryptography. This groundbreaking idea allowed for secure exchanges of information over insecure channels, however, eliminating the need for a pre-shared secret key. Public-key cryptography relies on the use of two keys—a public key, which can be shared openly, and a private key, which is kept secret by the owner. A message encrypted with a recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with their private key, ensuring confidentiality.

[2]

Public-key cryptography relies on complex mathematical algorithms. The RSA algorithm, named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, became one of the first practical implementations of this idea. The RSA algorithm creates public and private keys for secure data transmission and is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large integers.

[3]

Implementing public-key cryptography requires significant advancements in computing power over the years. Early encryption and decryption processes were computationally intensive and slow, making them practical for widespread use. For example, as computing technology advanced, so did the efficiency of cryptographic methods. By the 1990s, public-key cryptography had become feasible for everyday use, paving the way for secure internet communications.

[4]

Today, public-key cryptography underpins many aspects of our digital lives. It secures online transactions, protects sensitive information, and enables secure communication channels. Modern applications like SSL/TLS and PGP, that secure internet connections and email privacy, respectively, rely heavily on the principles of public-key cryptography.

[5]

[*] Quantum computing, for instance, is a method that can be used by attackers to derive a private key from a public key, allowing them to decrypt the information that was previously protected by the private key. Quantum computing poses a potential threat to current cryptographic systems; prompting researchers to develop quantum-resistant algorithms. For now, public-key cryptography remains a cornerstone of digital security, ensuring the privacy and integrity of information in an increasingly interconnected world.

A. No Change

B. that secured

C. which secure

D. which are secured

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1976, cryptographers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman introduced a revolutionary concept that transformed the field of secure communication: public-key cryptography. This groundbreaking idea allowed for secure exchanges of information over insecure channels, however, eliminating the need for a pre-shared secret key. Public-key cryptography relies on the use of two keys—a public key, which can be shared openly, and a private key, which is kept secret by the owner. A message encrypted with a recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with their private key, ensuring confidentiality.

[2]

Public-key cryptography relies on complex mathematical algorithms. The RSA algorithm, named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, became one of the first practical implementations of this idea. The RSA algorithm creates public and private keys for secure data transmission and is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large integers.

[3]

Implementing public-key cryptography requires significant advancements in computing power over the years. Early encryption and decryption processes were computationally intensive and slow, making them practical for widespread use. For example, as computing technology advanced, so did the efficiency of cryptographic methods. By the 1990s, public-key cryptography had become feasible for everyday use, paving the way for secure internet communications.

[4]

Today, public-key cryptography underpins many aspects of our digital lives. It secures online transactions, protects sensitive information, and enables secure communication channels. Modern applications like SSL/TLS and PGP, that secure internet connections and email privacy, respectively, rely heavily on the principles of public-key cryptography.

[5]

[*] Quantum computing, for instance, is a method that can be used by attackers to derive a private key from a public key, allowing them to decrypt the information that was previously protected by the private key. Quantum computing poses a potential threat to current cryptographic systems; prompting researchers to develop quantum-resistant algorithms. For now, public-key cryptography remains a cornerstone of digital security, ensuring the privacy and integrity of information in an increasingly interconnected world.

F. As computers became more powerful, new cryptographic methods were developed.

G. Cryptography continues to evolve, addressing new challenges and threats in the digital world.

H. Diffie and Hellman’s invention had far-reaching implications beyond theoretical mathematics.

J. Many sectors today, including finance and communication, depend on cryptographic security.

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1976, cryptographers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman introduced a revolutionary concept that transformed the field of secure communication: public-key cryptography. This groundbreaking idea allowed for secure exchanges of information over insecure channels, however, eliminating the need for a pre-shared secret key. Public-key cryptography relies on the use of two keys—a public key, which can be shared openly, and a private key, which is kept secret by the owner. A message encrypted with a recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with their private key, ensuring confidentiality.

[2]

Public-key cryptography relies on complex mathematical algorithms. The RSA algorithm, named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, became one of the first practical implementations of this idea. The RSA algorithm creates public and private keys for secure data transmission and is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large integers.

[3]

Implementing public-key cryptography requires significant advancements in computing power over the years. Early encryption and decryption processes were computationally intensive and slow, making them practical for widespread use. For example, as computing technology advanced, so did the efficiency of cryptographic methods. By the 1990s, public-key cryptography had become feasible for everyday use, paving the way for secure internet communications.

[4]

Today, public-key cryptography underpins many aspects of our digital lives. It secures online transactions, protects sensitive information, and enables secure communication channels. Modern applications like SSL/TLS and PGP, that secure internet connections and email privacy, respectively, rely heavily on the principles of public-key cryptography.

[5]

[*] Quantum computing, for instance, is a method that can be used by attackers to derive a private key from a public key, allowing them to decrypt the information that was previously protected by the private key. Quantum computing poses a potential threat to current cryptographic systems; prompting researchers to develop quantum-resistant algorithms. For now, public-key cryptography remains a cornerstone of digital security, ensuring the privacy and integrity of information in an increasingly interconnected world.

A. No Change

B. systems; which prompted

C. systems. They prompted

D. systems, prompting

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1976, cryptographers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman introduced a revolutionary concept that transformed the field of secure communication: public-key cryptography. This groundbreaking idea allowed for secure exchanges of information over insecure channels, however, eliminating the need for a pre-shared secret key. Public-key cryptography relies on the use of two keys—a public key, which can be shared openly, and a private key, which is kept secret by the owner. A message encrypted with a recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with their private key, ensuring confidentiality.

[2]

Public-key cryptography relies on complex mathematical algorithms. The RSA algorithm, named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, became one of the first practical implementations of this idea. The RSA algorithm creates public and private keys for secure data transmission and is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large integers.

[3]

Implementing public-key cryptography requires significant advancements in computing power over the years. Early encryption and decryption processes were computationally intensive and slow, making them practical for widespread use. For example, as computing technology advanced, so did the efficiency of cryptographic methods. By the 1990s, public-key cryptography had become feasible for everyday use, paving the way for secure internet communications.

[4]

Today, public-key cryptography underpins many aspects of our digital lives. It secures online transactions, protects sensitive information, and enables secure communication channels. Modern applications like SSL/TLS and PGP, that secure internet connections and email privacy, respectively, rely heavily on the principles of public-key cryptography.

[5]

[*] Quantum computing, for instance, is a method that can be used by attackers to derive a private key from a public key, allowing them to decrypt the information that was previously protected by the private key. Quantum computing poses a potential threat to current cryptographic systems; prompting researchers to develop quantum-resistant algorithms. For now, public-key cryptography remains a cornerstone of digital security, ensuring the privacy and integrity of information in an increasingly interconnected world.

Suppose the writer’s primary purpose had been to describe how a specific technological advancement changed business practices. Would this essay accomplish that purpose?

F. Yes, because it offers an overview of current cryptographic technology and indicates the variety of ways in which it is used by specific businesses.

G. Yes, because it explains how public-key cryptography made it easier for businesses to secure their communications.

H. No, because it focuses primarily on the development of public-key cryptography and only briefly mentions its implementation by businesses.

J. No, because it focuses on why businesses needed new technology but does not explain how cryptography was able to serve that need.

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1954, researchers at Bell Labs developed the first practical photovoltaic (PV) cell, marking a pivotal moment in the use of solar energy. The PV cell operates by using semiconductor materials to absorb photons from sunlight, releasing electrons and generating an electric current. This direct conversion of sunlight into electricity offers a sustainable and renewable energy source.

[2]

Modern solar energy systems involve more than just PV cells. It includes components such as inverters, which convert the direct current (DC) produced by the PV cells into the alternating current (AC) used by most household appliances. Additionally, many modern systems use solar trackers, which adjust the position of the solar panels to follow the sun’s path, maximizing energy capture throughout the day.

[3]

While the development of the first PV cells were recognized as a major breakthrough, early solar panels were inefficient and expensive, limiting its initial applications primarily to space missions.[*] However, as technology advanced and production costs decreased, solar panels became more accessible for residential and commercial use as they became more affordable to manufacture. Today’s solar panels boast efficiencies exceeding 20%, making them viable for widespread adoption.

[4]

Solar energy offers numerous environmental benefits. It reduces greenhouse gas emissions, decreases dependence on fossil fuels, and promotes energy independence. Moreover, advancements in solar technology continue to lower costs and improve efficiency, making solar power an increasingly attractive option for addressing global energy needs.

A. No Change

B. cells; including

C. cells. They include

D. cells, including such

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1954, researchers at Bell Labs developed the first practical photovoltaic (PV) cell, marking a pivotal moment in the use of solar energy. The PV cell operates by using semiconductor materials to absorb photons from sunlight, releasing electrons and generating an electric current. This direct conversion of sunlight into electricity offers a sustainable and renewable energy source.

[2]

Modern solar energy systems involve more than just PV cells. It includes components such as inverters, which convert the direct current (DC) produced by the PV cells into the alternating current (AC) used by most household appliances. Additionally, many modern systems use solar trackers, which adjust the position of the solar panels to follow the sun’s path, maximizing energy capture throughout the day.

[3]

While the development of the first PV cells were recognized as a major breakthrough, early solar panels were inefficient and expensive, limiting its initial applications primarily to space missions.[*] However, as technology advanced and production costs decreased, solar panels became more accessible for residential and commercial use as they became more affordable to manufacture. Today’s solar panels boast efficiencies exceeding 20%, making them viable for widespread adoption.

[4]

Solar energy offers numerous environmental benefits. It reduces greenhouse gas emissions, decreases dependence on fossil fuels, and promotes energy independence. Moreover, advancements in solar technology continue to lower costs and improve efficiency, making solar power an increasingly attractive option for addressing global energy needs.

F. No Change

G. it’s

H. they’re

J. their

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1954, researchers at Bell Labs developed the first practical photovoltaic (PV) cell, marking a pivotal moment in the use of solar energy. The PV cell operates by using semiconductor materials to absorb photons from sunlight, releasing electrons and generating an electric current. This direct conversion of sunlight into electricity offers a sustainable and renewable energy source.

[2]

Modern solar energy systems involve more than just PV cells. It includes components such as inverters, which convert the direct current (DC) produced by the PV cells into the alternating current (AC) used by most household appliances. Additionally, many modern systems use solar trackers, which adjust the position of the solar panels to follow the sun’s path, maximizing energy capture throughout the day.

[3]

While the development of the first PV cells were recognized as a major breakthrough, early solar panels were inefficient and expensive, limiting its initial applications primarily to space missions.[*] However, as technology advanced and production costs decreased, solar panels became more accessible for residential and commercial use as they became more affordable to manufacture. Today’s solar panels boast efficiencies exceeding 20%, making them viable for widespread adoption.

[4]

Solar energy offers numerous environmental benefits. It reduces greenhouse gas emissions, decreases dependence on fossil fuels, and promotes energy independence. Moreover, advancements in solar technology continue to lower costs and improve efficiency, making solar power an increasingly attractive option for addressing global energy needs.

A. Kept, because it introduces the early challenges faced by solar panel technology.

B. Kept, because it explains why solar panels were not immediately popular.

C. Deleted, because it provides an unnecessary detail about the initial use of solar panels.

D. Deleted, because it contradicts the later point about the increased efficiency of solar panels.

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1954, researchers at Bell Labs developed the first practical photovoltaic (PV) cell, marking a pivotal moment in the use of solar energy. The PV cell operates by using semiconductor materials to absorb photons from sunlight, releasing electrons and generating an electric current. This direct conversion of sunlight into electricity offers a sustainable and renewable energy source.

[2]

Modern solar energy systems involve more than just PV cells. It includes components such as inverters, which convert the direct current (DC) produced by the PV cells into the alternating current (AC) used by most household appliances. Additionally, many modern systems use solar trackers, which adjust the position of the solar panels to follow the sun’s path, maximizing energy capture throughout the day.

[3]

While the development of the first PV cells were recognized as a major breakthrough, early solar panels were inefficient and expensive, limiting its initial applications primarily to space missions.[*] However, as technology advanced and production costs decreased, solar panels became more accessible for residential and commercial use as they became more affordable to manufacture. Today’s solar panels boast efficiencies exceeding 20%, making them viable for widespread adoption.

[4]

Solar energy offers numerous environmental benefits. It reduces greenhouse gas emissions, decreases dependence on fossil fuels, and promotes energy independence. Moreover, advancements in solar technology continue to lower costs and improve efficiency, making solar power an increasingly attractive option for addressing global energy needs.

F. No Change

G. as they became cheaper.

H. as they were becoming cheaper.

J. Delete the underlined portion.

(select answer below)

[1]

In 1954, researchers at Bell Labs developed the first practical photovoltaic (PV) cell, marking a pivotal moment in the use of solar energy. The PV cell operates by using semiconductor materials to absorb photons from sunlight, releasing electrons and generating an electric current. This direct conversion of sunlight into electricity offers a sustainable and renewable energy source.

[2]

Modern solar energy systems involve more than just PV cells. It includes components such as inverters, which convert the direct current (DC) produced by the PV cells into the alternating current (AC) used by most household appliances. Additionally, many modern systems use solar trackers, which adjust the position of the solar panels to follow the sun’s path, maximizing energy capture throughout the day.

[3]

While the development of the first PV cells were recognized as a major breakthrough, early solar panels were inefficient and expensive, limiting its initial applications primarily to space missions.[*] However, as technology advanced and production costs decreased, solar panels became more accessible for residential and commercial use as they became more affordable to manufacture. Today’s solar panels boast efficiencies exceeding 20%, making them viable for widespread adoption.

[4]

Solar energy offers numerous environmental benefits. It reduces greenhouse gas emissions, decreases dependence on fossil fuels, and promotes energy independence. Moreover, advancements in solar technology continue to lower costs and improve efficiency, making solar power an increasingly attractive option for addressing global energy needs.

A. where it is now.

B. before Paragraph 1.

C. after Paragraph 1.

D. after Paragraph 4.

(select answer below)

[1]

With a wooden spoon in hand, I gently fold the dough in the mixing bowl on my kitchen counter. I place the dough under a damp cloth and wait for it to rise again. I check the clock; it’s almost time to shape the dough and let it rest before baking. The anticipation builds as I imagine the smell of freshly baked sourdough filling my home.

[2]

Sourdough bread is not your typical, store-bought, loaf (those quick-rise, mass-produced loaves you find on supermarket shelves). While store-bought loaves often include additives and preservatives, homemade sourdough is made from just flour, water, and salt. Additionally, homemade sourdough doesn’t require commercial yeast in order to rise. The process I use comes from a centuries-old tradition using natural yeast and bacteria which come from a starter culture that naturally ferments. This ancient method produces a unique, tangy flavor and a chewy texture that commercial breads can’t match.

[3]

[*] [A]Compared to pre-sliced supermarket bread, homemade sourdough bread requires a longer fermentation process.  [B]It also allows for the development of complex flavors and contains beneficial bacteria which can contribute to gut health. [C]This slow fermentation helps break down gluten, making it easier to digest.

[4]

The process of making sourdough requires patience; as well as precision. The starter culture must be fed regularly to maintain its activity. The dough needs time to rise and develop its flavor. Even the baking process required careful attention to temperature and timing.[*]

[5]

Sprinkling flour on the countertop, the dough is ready to shape into a round loaf. Then I place it into a proofing basket, where it will rise one last time before it’s ready to bake. Soon, my kitchen will be filled with the irresistible aroma of freshly baked sourdough, a testament to the time and care put into every loaf.

F. No Change

G. next, the dough will be shaped, then it will rest

H. shaping the dough, and letting it rest

J. the dough will be shaped, and it will rest

(select answer below)

[1]

With a wooden spoon in hand, I gently fold the dough in the mixing bowl on my kitchen counter. I place the dough under a damp cloth and wait for it to rise again. I check the clock; it’s almost time to shape the dough and let it rest before baking. The anticipation builds as I imagine the smell of freshly baked sourdough filling my home.

[2]

Sourdough bread is not your typical, store-bought, loaf (those quick-rise, mass-produced loaves you find on supermarket shelves). While store-bought loaves often include additives and preservatives, homemade sourdough is made from just flour, water, and salt. Additionally, homemade sourdough doesn’t require commercial yeast in order to rise. The process I use comes from a centuries-old tradition using natural yeast and bacteria which come from a starter culture that naturally ferments. This ancient method produces a unique, tangy flavor and a chewy texture that commercial breads can’t match.

[3]

[*] [A]Compared to pre-sliced supermarket bread, homemade sourdough bread requires a longer fermentation process.  [B]It also allows for the development of complex flavors and contains beneficial bacteria which can contribute to gut health. [C]This slow fermentation helps break down gluten, making it easier to digest.

[4]

The process of making sourdough requires patience; as well as precision. The starter culture must be fed regularly to maintain its activity. The dough needs time to rise and develop its flavor. Even the baking process required careful attention to temperature and timing.[*]

[5]

Sprinkling flour on the countertop, the dough is ready to shape into a round loaf. Then I place it into a proofing basket, where it will rise one last time before it’s ready to bake. Soon, my kitchen will be filled with the irresistible aroma of freshly baked sourdough, a testament to the time and care put into every loaf.

A. No Change

B. typical–store-bought–loaf

C. typical store-bought, loaf

D. typical store-bought loaf

(select answer below)

[1]

With a wooden spoon in hand, I gently fold the dough in the mixing bowl on my kitchen counter. I place the dough under a damp cloth and wait for it to rise again. I check the clock; it’s almost time to shape the dough and let it rest before baking. The anticipation builds as I imagine the smell of freshly baked sourdough filling my home.

[2]

Sourdough bread is not your typical, store-bought, loaf (those quick-rise, mass-produced loaves you find on supermarket shelves). While store-bought loaves often include additives and preservatives, homemade sourdough is made from just flour, water, and salt. Additionally, homemade sourdough doesn’t require commercial yeast in order to rise. The process I use comes from a centuries-old tradition using natural yeast and bacteria which come from a starter culture that naturally ferments. This ancient method produces a unique, tangy flavor and a chewy texture that commercial breads can’t match.

[3]

[*] [A]Compared to pre-sliced supermarket bread, homemade sourdough bread requires a longer fermentation process.  [B]It also allows for the development of complex flavors and contains beneficial bacteria which can contribute to gut health. [C]This slow fermentation helps break down gluten, making it easier to digest.

[4]

The process of making sourdough requires patience; as well as precision. The starter culture must be fed regularly to maintain its activity. The dough needs time to rise and develop its flavor. Even the baking process required careful attention to temperature and timing.[*]

[5]

Sprinkling flour on the countertop, the dough is ready to shape into a round loaf. Then I place it into a proofing basket, where it will rise one last time before it’s ready to bake. Soon, my kitchen will be filled with the irresistible aroma of freshly baked sourdough, a testament to the time and care put into every loaf.

F. No Change

G. that uses natural yeast and bacteria from a starter culture.

H. using a starter culture that naturally ferments and involves natural yeast and bacteria.

J. Delete the underlined portion.

(select answer below)

[1]

With a wooden spoon in hand, I gently fold the dough in the mixing bowl on my kitchen counter. I place the dough under a damp cloth and wait for it to rise again. I check the clock; it’s almost time to shape the dough and let it rest before baking. The anticipation builds as I imagine the smell of freshly baked sourdough filling my home.

[2]

Sourdough bread is not your typical, store-bought, loaf (those quick-rise, mass-produced loaves you find on supermarket shelves). While store-bought loaves often include additives and preservatives, homemade sourdough is made from just flour, water, and salt. Additionally, homemade sourdough doesn’t require commercial yeast in order to rise. The process I use comes from a centuries-old tradition using natural yeast and bacteria which come from a starter culture that naturally ferments. This ancient method produces a unique, tangy flavor and a chewy texture that commercial breads can’t match.

[3]

[*] [A]Compared to pre-sliced supermarket bread, homemade sourdough bread requires a longer fermentation process.  [B]It also allows for the development of complex flavors and contains beneficial bacteria which can contribute to gut health. [C]This slow fermentation helps break down gluten, making it easier to digest.

[4]

The process of making sourdough requires patience; as well as precision. The starter culture must be fed regularly to maintain its activity. The dough needs time to rise and develop its flavor. Even the baking process required careful attention to temperature and timing.[*]

[5]

Sprinkling flour on the countertop, the dough is ready to shape into a round loaf. Then I place it into a proofing basket, where it will rise one last time before it’s ready to bake. Soon, my kitchen will be filled with the irresistible aroma of freshly baked sourdough, a testament to the time and care put into every loaf.

A. There is a wide variation in flavor profile among commercial sourdough brands.

B. The process used to make sourdough not only enhances its flavor but also provides notable health benefits.

C. Sourdough has been around for thousands of years.

D. Many people enjoy baking sourdough as a hobby.

(select answer below)

[1]

With a wooden spoon in hand, I gently fold the dough in the mixing bowl on my kitchen counter. I place the dough under a damp cloth and wait for it to rise again. I check the clock; it’s almost time to shape the dough and let it rest before baking. The anticipation builds as I imagine the smell of freshly baked sourdough filling my home.

[2]

Sourdough bread is not your typical, store-bought, loaf (those quick-rise, mass-produced loaves you find on supermarket shelves). While store-bought loaves often include additives and preservatives, homemade sourdough is made from just flour, water, and salt. Additionally, homemade sourdough doesn’t require commercial yeast in order to rise. The process I use comes from a centuries-old tradition using natural yeast and bacteria which come from a starter culture that naturally ferments. This ancient method produces a unique, tangy flavor and a chewy texture that commercial breads can’t match.

[3]

[*] [A]Compared to pre-sliced supermarket bread, homemade sourdough bread requires a longer fermentation process.  [B]It also allows for the development of complex flavors and contains beneficial bacteria which can contribute to gut health. [C]This slow fermentation helps break down gluten, making it easier to digest.

[4]

The process of making sourdough requires patience; as well as precision. The starter culture must be fed regularly to maintain its activity. The dough needs time to rise and develop its flavor. Even the baking process required careful attention to temperature and timing.[*]

[5]

Sprinkling flour on the countertop, the dough is ready to shape into a round loaf. Then I place it into a proofing basket, where it will rise one last time before it’s ready to bake. Soon, my kitchen will be filled with the irresistible aroma of freshly baked sourdough, a testament to the time and care put into every loaf.

F. No Change

G. C, B, A

H. A, C, B

J. C, A, B

(select answer below)

[1]

With a wooden spoon in hand, I gently fold the dough in the mixing bowl on my kitchen counter. I place the dough under a damp cloth and wait for it to rise again. I check the clock; it’s almost time to shape the dough and let it rest before baking. The anticipation builds as I imagine the smell of freshly baked sourdough filling my home.

[2]

Sourdough bread is not your typical, store-bought, loaf (those quick-rise, mass-produced loaves you find on supermarket shelves). While store-bought loaves often include additives and preservatives, homemade sourdough is made from just flour, water, and salt. Additionally, homemade sourdough doesn’t require commercial yeast in order to rise. The process I use comes from a centuries-old tradition using natural yeast and bacteria which come from a starter culture that naturally ferments. This ancient method produces a unique, tangy flavor and a chewy texture that commercial breads can’t match.

[3]

[*] [A]Compared to pre-sliced supermarket bread, homemade sourdough bread requires a longer fermentation process.  [B]It also allows for the development of complex flavors and contains beneficial bacteria which can contribute to gut health. [C]This slow fermentation helps break down gluten, making it easier to digest.

[4]

The process of making sourdough requires patience; as well as precision. The starter culture must be fed regularly to maintain its activity. The dough needs time to rise and develop its flavor. Even the baking process required careful attention to temperature and timing.[*]

[5]

Sprinkling flour on the countertop, the dough is ready to shape into a round loaf. Then I place it into a proofing basket, where it will rise one last time before it’s ready to bake. Soon, my kitchen will be filled with the irresistible aroma of freshly baked sourdough, a testament to the time and care put into every loaf.

A. No Change

B. that can contribute

C. that are contributing

D. which could contribute

(select answer below)

[1]

With a wooden spoon in hand, I gently fold the dough in the mixing bowl on my kitchen counter. I place the dough under a damp cloth and wait for it to rise again. I check the clock; it’s almost time to shape the dough and let it rest before baking. The anticipation builds as I imagine the smell of freshly baked sourdough filling my home.

[2]

Sourdough bread is not your typical, store-bought, loaf (those quick-rise, mass-produced loaves you find on supermarket shelves). While store-bought loaves often include additives and preservatives, homemade sourdough is made from just flour, water, and salt. Additionally, homemade sourdough doesn’t require commercial yeast in order to rise. The process I use comes from a centuries-old tradition using natural yeast and bacteria which come from a starter culture that naturally ferments. This ancient method produces a unique, tangy flavor and a chewy texture that commercial breads can’t match.

[3]

[*] [A]Compared to pre-sliced supermarket bread, homemade sourdough bread requires a longer fermentation process.  [B]It also allows for the development of complex flavors and contains beneficial bacteria which can contribute to gut health. [C]This slow fermentation helps break down gluten, making it easier to digest.

[4]

The process of making sourdough requires patience; as well as precision. The starter culture must be fed regularly to maintain its activity. The dough needs time to rise and develop its flavor. Even the baking process required careful attention to temperature and timing.[*]

[5]

Sprinkling flour on the countertop, the dough is ready to shape into a round loaf. Then I place it into a proofing basket, where it will rise one last time before it’s ready to bake. Soon, my kitchen will be filled with the irresistible aroma of freshly baked sourdough, a testament to the time and care put into every loaf.

F. No Change

G. patience and precision, both.

H. patience and precision.

J. patience, and precision.

(select answer below)

[1]

With a wooden spoon in hand, I gently fold the dough in the mixing bowl on my kitchen counter. I place the dough under a damp cloth and wait for it to rise again. I check the clock; it’s almost time to shape the dough and let it rest before baking. The anticipation builds as I imagine the smell of freshly baked sourdough filling my home.

[2]

Sourdough bread is not your typical, store-bought, loaf (those quick-rise, mass-produced loaves you find on supermarket shelves). While store-bought loaves often include additives and preservatives, homemade sourdough is made from just flour, water, and salt. Additionally, homemade sourdough doesn’t require commercial yeast in order to rise. The process I use comes from a centuries-old tradition using natural yeast and bacteria which come from a starter culture that naturally ferments. This ancient method produces a unique, tangy flavor and a chewy texture that commercial breads can’t match.

[3]

[*] [A]Compared to pre-sliced supermarket bread, homemade sourdough bread requires a longer fermentation process.  [B]It also allows for the development of complex flavors and contains beneficial bacteria which can contribute to gut health. [C]This slow fermentation helps break down gluten, making it easier to digest.

[4]

The process of making sourdough requires patience; as well as precision. The starter culture must be fed regularly to maintain its activity. The dough needs time to rise and develop its flavor. Even the baking process required careful attention to temperature and timing.[*]

[5]

Sprinkling flour on the countertop, the dough is ready to shape into a round loaf. Then I place it into a proofing basket, where it will rise one last time before it’s ready to bake. Soon, my kitchen will be filled with the irresistible aroma of freshly baked sourdough, a testament to the time and care put into every loaf.

A. No Change

B. require

C. is requiring

D. requires

(select answer below)

[1]

With a wooden spoon in hand, I gently fold the dough in the mixing bowl on my kitchen counter. I place the dough under a damp cloth and wait for it to rise again. I check the clock; it’s almost time to shape the dough and let it rest before baking. The anticipation builds as I imagine the smell of freshly baked sourdough filling my home.

[2]

Sourdough bread is not your typical, store-bought, loaf (those quick-rise, mass-produced loaves you find on supermarket shelves). While store-bought loaves often include additives and preservatives, homemade sourdough is made from just flour, water, and salt. Additionally, homemade sourdough doesn’t require commercial yeast in order to rise. The process I use comes from a centuries-old tradition using natural yeast and bacteria which come from a starter culture that naturally ferments. This ancient method produces a unique, tangy flavor and a chewy texture that commercial breads can’t match.

[3]

[*] [A]Compared to pre-sliced supermarket bread, homemade sourdough bread requires a longer fermentation process.  [B]It also allows for the development of complex flavors and contains beneficial bacteria which can contribute to gut health. [C]This slow fermentation helps break down gluten, making it easier to digest.

[4]

The process of making sourdough requires patience; as well as precision. The starter culture must be fed regularly to maintain its activity. The dough needs time to rise and develop its flavor. Even the baking process required careful attention to temperature and timing.[*]

[5]

Sprinkling flour on the countertop, the dough is ready to shape into a round loaf. Then I place it into a proofing basket, where it will rise one last time before it’s ready to bake. Soon, my kitchen will be filled with the irresistible aroma of freshly baked sourdough, a testament to the time and care put into every loaf.

F. The result is a loaf with a perfect crust and a soft, airy crumb that makes all the effort worthwhile.

G. I find baking sourdough relaxing, and I am always left with a feeling of accomplishment upon taking the completed loaf out of the oven.

H. Many bakers find joy in the process itself, from mixing the ingredients to watching the dough rise.

J. Baking sourdough at home can be a fulfilling and therapeutic activity.

(select answer below)

[1]

With a wooden spoon in hand, I gently fold the dough in the mixing bowl on my kitchen counter. I place the dough under a damp cloth and wait for it to rise again. I check the clock; it’s almost time to shape the dough and let it rest before baking. The anticipation builds as I imagine the smell of freshly baked sourdough filling my home.

[2]

Sourdough bread is not your typical, store-bought, loaf (those quick-rise, mass-produced loaves you find on supermarket shelves). While store-bought loaves often include additives and preservatives, homemade sourdough is made from just flour, water, and salt. Additionally, homemade sourdough doesn’t require commercial yeast in order to rise. The process I use comes from a centuries-old tradition using natural yeast and bacteria which come from a starter culture that naturally ferments. This ancient method produces a unique, tangy flavor and a chewy texture that commercial breads can’t match.

[3]

[*] [A]Compared to pre-sliced supermarket bread, homemade sourdough bread requires a longer fermentation process.  [B]It also allows for the development of complex flavors and contains beneficial bacteria which can contribute to gut health. [C]This slow fermentation helps break down gluten, making it easier to digest.

[4]

The process of making sourdough requires patience; as well as precision. The starter culture must be fed regularly to maintain its activity. The dough needs time to rise and develop its flavor. Even the baking process required careful attention to temperature and timing.[*]

[5]

Sprinkling flour on the countertop, the dough is ready to shape into a round loaf. Then I place it into a proofing basket, where it will rise one last time before it’s ready to bake. Soon, my kitchen will be filled with the irresistible aroma of freshly baked sourdough, a testament to the time and care put into every loaf.

A. No Change

B. Sprinkling flour on the countertop and shaping the dough into a round loaf.

C. I sprinkle flour on the countertop making the dough ready to shape into a round loaf.

D. I sprinkle flour on the countertop and shape the dough into a round loaf.

(select answer below)

[1]

[A]In first place was a chocolate bar that was six inches long with an intricate, mosaic-like pattern. [B] It was crafted from ethically sourced cacao beans, finely ground and meticulously tempered to perfection. In the forty-year history of the International Chocolate Festival—the largest chocolate celebration in the world—the 2021 event marked the first time a bean-to-bar chocolate won best of show. The creator of the bar, twenty-eight-year-old chocolatier Laura Martinez from Oaxaca, Mexico, beamed as their bar sold at auction for $10,000.

[2]

[C] Martinez describes her chocolate as “innovative traditional.” [D] She honors tradition, but highlights culinary innovation. Unlike most contemporary chocolatiers, she primarily uses heirloom cacao beans and harvests, ferments, roasts, and grinds the beans herself.  While many traditional chocolate bars have straightforward, single-origin compositions, her bars feature unique flavors and textures that are often unexpected and thus intriguing. For example, Martinez’s truffle fillings often contain infused spices like chili and cinnamon. However, while other chocolatiers typically use generic molds, Martinez incorporates hand-carved molds to create visually stunning pieces.

[3]

Now that she is a nationally recognized artist whom has rejuvenated the art of chocolate making, Martinez feels her role is to inspire. She is on the board of the Mexican Cacao Alliance, a group that works to support cacao production by reaching out to young members of Native communities in the country. In addition to her work with the Mexican Cacao Alliance, her other goal is to continue to stand out. The intricate designs she saw on a recent trip to France have influenced how she decorates the surfaces of some of her newer bars, as she finds yet another way to make traditional Mexican chocolate something spectacularly her own.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. their bar had sold

H. her bar sold

J. her bar was selling

(select answer below)

[1]

[A]In first place was a chocolate bar that was six inches long with an intricate, mosaic-like pattern. [B] It was crafted from ethically sourced cacao beans, finely ground and meticulously tempered to perfection. In the forty-year history of the International Chocolate Festival—the largest chocolate celebration in the world—the 2021 event marked the first time a bean-to-bar chocolate won best of show. The creator of the bar, twenty-eight-year-old chocolatier Laura Martinez from Oaxaca, Mexico, beamed as their bar sold at auction for $10,000.

[2]

[C] Martinez describes her chocolate as “innovative traditional.” [D] She honors tradition, but highlights culinary innovation. Unlike most contemporary chocolatiers, she primarily uses heirloom cacao beans and harvests, ferments, roasts, and grinds the beans herself.  While many traditional chocolate bars have straightforward, single-origin compositions, her bars feature unique flavors and textures that are often unexpected and thus intriguing. For example, Martinez’s truffle fillings often contain infused spices like chili and cinnamon. However, while other chocolatiers typically use generic molds, Martinez incorporates hand-carved molds to create visually stunning pieces.

[3]

Now that she is a nationally recognized artist whom has rejuvenated the art of chocolate making, Martinez feels her role is to inspire. She is on the board of the Mexican Cacao Alliance, a group that works to support cacao production by reaching out to young members of Native communities in the country. In addition to her work with the Mexican Cacao Alliance, her other goal is to continue to stand out. The intricate designs she saw on a recent trip to France have influenced how she decorates the surfaces of some of her newer bars, as she finds yet another way to make traditional Mexican chocolate something spectacularly her own.

If the writer was to delete the underlined portion, the essay would primarily lose:

A. an indication that Martinez honors Mexican cultural heritage by creating chocolate that looks nearly identical to traditional pieces.

B. a mention of a physical characteristic of the earliest chocolate used by Mexican artisans.

C. a clarification of Martinez’s unique approach to chocolate making.

D. a point revealing that Martinez’s chocolate is used by Mexican chefs today.

(select answer below)

[1]

[A]In first place was a chocolate bar that was six inches long with an intricate, mosaic-like pattern. [B] It was crafted from ethically sourced cacao beans, finely ground and meticulously tempered to perfection. In the forty-year history of the International Chocolate Festival—the largest chocolate celebration in the world—the 2021 event marked the first time a bean-to-bar chocolate won best of show. The creator of the bar, twenty-eight-year-old chocolatier Laura Martinez from Oaxaca, Mexico, beamed as their bar sold at auction for $10,000.

[2]

[C] Martinez describes her chocolate as “innovative traditional.” [D] She honors tradition, but highlights culinary innovation. Unlike most contemporary chocolatiers, she primarily uses heirloom cacao beans and harvests, ferments, roasts, and grinds the beans herself.  While many traditional chocolate bars have straightforward, single-origin compositions, her bars feature unique flavors and textures that are often unexpected and thus intriguing. For example, Martinez’s truffle fillings often contain infused spices like chili and cinnamon. However, while other chocolatiers typically use generic molds, Martinez incorporates hand-carved molds to create visually stunning pieces.

[3]

Now that she is a nationally recognized artist whom has rejuvenated the art of chocolate making, Martinez feels her role is to inspire. She is on the board of the Mexican Cacao Alliance, a group that works to support cacao production by reaching out to young members of Native communities in the country. In addition to her work with the Mexican Cacao Alliance, her other goal is to continue to stand out. The intricate designs she saw on a recent trip to France have influenced how she decorates the surfaces of some of her newer bars, as she finds yet another way to make traditional Mexican chocolate something spectacularly her own.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. beans; and harvests

H. beans, harvesting

J. beans, but she harvests

(select answer below)

[1]

[A]In first place was a chocolate bar that was six inches long with an intricate, mosaic-like pattern. [B] It was crafted from ethically sourced cacao beans, finely ground and meticulously tempered to perfection. In the forty-year history of the International Chocolate Festival—the largest chocolate celebration in the world—the 2021 event marked the first time a bean-to-bar chocolate won best of show. The creator of the bar, twenty-eight-year-old chocolatier Laura Martinez from Oaxaca, Mexico, beamed as their bar sold at auction for $10,000.

[2]

[C] Martinez describes her chocolate as “innovative traditional.” [D] She honors tradition, but highlights culinary innovation. Unlike most contemporary chocolatiers, she primarily uses heirloom cacao beans and harvests, ferments, roasts, and grinds the beans herself.  While many traditional chocolate bars have straightforward, single-origin compositions, her bars feature unique flavors and textures that are often unexpected and thus intriguing. For example, Martinez’s truffle fillings often contain infused spices like chili and cinnamon. However, while other chocolatiers typically use generic molds, Martinez incorporates hand-carved molds to create visually stunning pieces.

[3]

Now that she is a nationally recognized artist whom has rejuvenated the art of chocolate making, Martinez feels her role is to inspire. She is on the board of the Mexican Cacao Alliance, a group that works to support cacao production by reaching out to young members of Native communities in the country. In addition to her work with the Mexican Cacao Alliance, her other goal is to continue to stand out. The intricate designs she saw on a recent trip to France have influenced how she decorates the surfaces of some of her newer bars, as she finds yet another way to make traditional Mexican chocolate something spectacularly her own.

Which choice provides the most specific and accurate information about how Martinez’s chocolate bars differ from those of other chocolatiers?

A. No Change

B. a remarkable level of detail in certain sections

C. characteristic textures

D. layered interiors and molded exteriors

(select answer below)

[1]

[A]In first place was a chocolate bar that was six inches long with an intricate, mosaic-like pattern. [B] It was crafted from ethically sourced cacao beans, finely ground and meticulously tempered to perfection. In the forty-year history of the International Chocolate Festival—the largest chocolate celebration in the world—the 2021 event marked the first time a bean-to-bar chocolate won best of show. The creator of the bar, twenty-eight-year-old chocolatier Laura Martinez from Oaxaca, Mexico, beamed as their bar sold at auction for $10,000.

[2]

[C] Martinez describes her chocolate as “innovative traditional.” [D] She honors tradition, but highlights culinary innovation. Unlike most contemporary chocolatiers, she primarily uses heirloom cacao beans and harvests, ferments, roasts, and grinds the beans herself.  While many traditional chocolate bars have straightforward, single-origin compositions, her bars feature unique flavors and textures that are often unexpected and thus intriguing. For example, Martinez’s truffle fillings often contain infused spices like chili and cinnamon. However, while other chocolatiers typically use generic molds, Martinez incorporates hand-carved molds to create visually stunning pieces.

[3]

Now that she is a nationally recognized artist whom has rejuvenated the art of chocolate making, Martinez feels her role is to inspire. She is on the board of the Mexican Cacao Alliance, a group that works to support cacao production by reaching out to young members of Native communities in the country. In addition to her work with the Mexican Cacao Alliance, her other goal is to continue to stand out. The intricate designs she saw on a recent trip to France have influenced how she decorates the surfaces of some of her newer bars, as she finds yet another way to make traditional Mexican chocolate something spectacularly her own.

Which placement of the underlined portion makes it the most clear that the truffles, not the spices, are infused?

F. Where it is now

G. After the word like

H. After the word truffle

J. After the word Martinez’s

(select answer below)

[1]

[A]In first place was a chocolate bar that was six inches long with an intricate, mosaic-like pattern. [B] It was crafted from ethically sourced cacao beans, finely ground and meticulously tempered to perfection. In the forty-year history of the International Chocolate Festival—the largest chocolate celebration in the world—the 2021 event marked the first time a bean-to-bar chocolate won best of show. The creator of the bar, twenty-eight-year-old chocolatier Laura Martinez from Oaxaca, Mexico, beamed as their bar sold at auction for $10,000.

[2]

[C] Martinez describes her chocolate as “innovative traditional.” [D] She honors tradition, but highlights culinary innovation. Unlike most contemporary chocolatiers, she primarily uses heirloom cacao beans and harvests, ferments, roasts, and grinds the beans herself.  While many traditional chocolate bars have straightforward, single-origin compositions, her bars feature unique flavors and textures that are often unexpected and thus intriguing. For example, Martinez’s truffle fillings often contain infused spices like chili and cinnamon. However, while other chocolatiers typically use generic molds, Martinez incorporates hand-carved molds to create visually stunning pieces.

[3]

Now that she is a nationally recognized artist whom has rejuvenated the art of chocolate making, Martinez feels her role is to inspire. She is on the board of the Mexican Cacao Alliance, a group that works to support cacao production by reaching out to young members of Native communities in the country. In addition to her work with the Mexican Cacao Alliance, her other goal is to continue to stand out. The intricate designs she saw on a recent trip to France have influenced how she decorates the surfaces of some of her newer bars, as she finds yet another way to make traditional Mexican chocolate something spectacularly her own.

Which transition word or phrase is most logical in context?

A. No Change

B. In contrast

C. Consequently

D. Additionally

(select answer below)

[1]

[A]In first place was a chocolate bar that was six inches long with an intricate, mosaic-like pattern. [B] It was crafted from ethically sourced cacao beans, finely ground and meticulously tempered to perfection. In the forty-year history of the International Chocolate Festival—the largest chocolate celebration in the world—the 2021 event marked the first time a bean-to-bar chocolate won best of show. The creator of the bar, twenty-eight-year-old chocolatier Laura Martinez from Oaxaca, Mexico, beamed as their bar sold at auction for $10,000.

[2]

[C] Martinez describes her chocolate as “innovative traditional.” [D] She honors tradition, but highlights culinary innovation. Unlike most contemporary chocolatiers, she primarily uses heirloom cacao beans and harvests, ferments, roasts, and grinds the beans herself.  While many traditional chocolate bars have straightforward, single-origin compositions, her bars feature unique flavors and textures that are often unexpected and thus intriguing. For example, Martinez’s truffle fillings often contain infused spices like chili and cinnamon. However, while other chocolatiers typically use generic molds, Martinez incorporates hand-carved molds to create visually stunning pieces.

[3]

Now that she is a nationally recognized artist whom has rejuvenated the art of chocolate making, Martinez feels her role is to inspire. She is on the board of the Mexican Cacao Alliance, a group that works to support cacao production by reaching out to young members of Native communities in the country. In addition to her work with the Mexican Cacao Alliance, her other goal is to continue to stand out. The intricate designs she saw on a recent trip to France have influenced how she decorates the surfaces of some of her newer bars, as she finds yet another way to make traditional Mexican chocolate something spectacularly her own.

Which choice makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

F. No Change

G. who

H. which

J. of whom

(select answer below)

[1]

[A]In first place was a chocolate bar that was six inches long with an intricate, mosaic-like pattern. [B] It was crafted from ethically sourced cacao beans, finely ground and meticulously tempered to perfection. In the forty-year history of the International Chocolate Festival—the largest chocolate celebration in the world—the 2021 event marked the first time a bean-to-bar chocolate won best of show. The creator of the bar, twenty-eight-year-old chocolatier Laura Martinez from Oaxaca, Mexico, beamed as their bar sold at auction for $10,000.

[2]

[C] Martinez describes her chocolate as “innovative traditional.” [D] She honors tradition, but highlights culinary innovation. Unlike most contemporary chocolatiers, she primarily uses heirloom cacao beans and harvests, ferments, roasts, and grinds the beans herself.  While many traditional chocolate bars have straightforward, single-origin compositions, her bars feature unique flavors and textures that are often unexpected and thus intriguing. For example, Martinez’s truffle fillings often contain infused spices like chili and cinnamon. However, while other chocolatiers typically use generic molds, Martinez incorporates hand-carved molds to create visually stunning pieces.

[3]

Now that she is a nationally recognized artist whom has rejuvenated the art of chocolate making, Martinez feels her role is to inspire. She is on the board of the Mexican Cacao Alliance, a group that works to support cacao production by reaching out to young members of Native communities in the country. In addition to her work with the Mexican Cacao Alliance, her other goal is to continue to stand out. The intricate designs she saw on a recent trip to France have influenced how she decorates the surfaces of some of her newer bars, as she finds yet another way to make traditional Mexican chocolate something spectacularly her own.

Which choice provides the clearest and most specific description of the Mexican Cacao Alliance’s purpose of supporting cacao farmers and promoting the sustainability of the cacao industry in Mexico?

A. No Change

B. support the cacao movement and its farmers.

C. enhance agricultural practices and improve the quality of life for farming communities through education, training, and other resources.

D. promote eco-friendly and sustainable farming techniques that protect biodiversity and the environment.

(select answer below)

[1]

[A]In first place was a chocolate bar that was six inches long with an intricate, mosaic-like pattern. [B] It was crafted from ethically sourced cacao beans, finely ground and meticulously tempered to perfection. In the forty-year history of the International Chocolate Festival—the largest chocolate celebration in the world—the 2021 event marked the first time a bean-to-bar chocolate won best of show. The creator of the bar, twenty-eight-year-old chocolatier Laura Martinez from Oaxaca, Mexico, beamed as their bar sold at auction for $10,000.

[2]

[C] Martinez describes her chocolate as “innovative traditional.” [D] She honors tradition, but highlights culinary innovation. Unlike most contemporary chocolatiers, she primarily uses heirloom cacao beans and harvests, ferments, roasts, and grinds the beans herself.  While many traditional chocolate bars have straightforward, single-origin compositions, her bars feature unique flavors and textures that are often unexpected and thus intriguing. For example, Martinez’s truffle fillings often contain infused spices like chili and cinnamon. However, while other chocolatiers typically use generic molds, Martinez incorporates hand-carved molds to create visually stunning pieces.

[3]

Now that she is a nationally recognized artist whom has rejuvenated the art of chocolate making, Martinez feels her role is to inspire. She is on the board of the Mexican Cacao Alliance, a group that works to support cacao production by reaching out to young members of Native communities in the country. In addition to her work with the Mexican Cacao Alliance, her other goal is to continue to stand out. The intricate designs she saw on a recent trip to France have influenced how she decorates the surfaces of some of her newer bars, as she finds yet another way to make traditional Mexican chocolate something spectacularly her own.

F. No Change

G. Aside from inspiring others through the Mexican Cacao Alliance, her other goal is to continue to stand out.

H. In addition to inspiring others, her other goal is to continue to stand out.

J. Her other goal is to continue to stand out.

(select answer below)

[1]

[A]In first place was a chocolate bar that was six inches long with an intricate, mosaic-like pattern. [B] It was crafted from ethically sourced cacao beans, finely ground and meticulously tempered to perfection. In the forty-year history of the International Chocolate Festival—the largest chocolate celebration in the world—the 2021 event marked the first time a bean-to-bar chocolate won best of show. The creator of the bar, twenty-eight-year-old chocolatier Laura Martinez from Oaxaca, Mexico, beamed as their bar sold at auction for $10,000.

[2]

[C] Martinez describes her chocolate as “innovative traditional.” [D] She honors tradition, but highlights culinary innovation. Unlike most contemporary chocolatiers, she primarily uses heirloom cacao beans and harvests, ferments, roasts, and grinds the beans herself.  While many traditional chocolate bars have straightforward, single-origin compositions, her bars feature unique flavors and textures that are often unexpected and thus intriguing. For example, Martinez’s truffle fillings often contain infused spices like chili and cinnamon. However, while other chocolatiers typically use generic molds, Martinez incorporates hand-carved molds to create visually stunning pieces.

[3]

Now that she is a nationally recognized artist whom has rejuvenated the art of chocolate making, Martinez feels her role is to inspire. She is on the board of the Mexican Cacao Alliance, a group that works to support cacao production by reaching out to young members of Native communities in the country. In addition to her work with the Mexican Cacao Alliance, her other goal is to continue to stand out. The intricate designs she saw on a recent trip to France have influenced how she decorates the surfaces of some of her newer bars, as she finds yet another way to make traditional Mexican chocolate something spectacularly her own.

The dark stripes were precisely aligned, sharply contrasting with the lighter shades, which formed raised patterns of perfectly even points that seemed to cascade down the bar.

If the writer was to add this sentence, it would most logically be placed at:

A. Point A in Paragraph 1.

B. Point B in Paragraph 1.

C. Point C in Paragraph 2.

D. Point D in Paragraph 2.

(select answer below)

[1]

The monarch butterfly is an iconic species known for its striking orange and black wings and its incredible annual migration. However, it travels thousands of miles between North America and Mexico, making it one of nature’s most remarkable travelers. The migration spans multiple generations, with each butterfly contributing to a journey that has fascinated scientists and nature enthusiasts alike.

[2]

Despite its resilience, the monarch butterfly faces significant threats. Habitat destruction, pesticide use, and extreme weather have contributed to declining populations. Conservation groups and scientists are working to protect milkweed, the primary plant on which monarchs lay their eggs, as well as to establish safe migratory corridors.

[3]

Protecting monarch butterflies has additional ecological benefits. They play an essential role as pollinators, supporting ecosystems by helping plants reproduce which provides food sources for other species. Increasing public awareness about the importance of pollinators has led to widespread initiatives, including butterfly gardens, community planting projects, and educational campaigns.[*]

[4]

The monarch butterfly symbolizes the delicate balance between nature and human impact. Its survival depends on collective efforts to safeguard its habitat and migration routes, serving as a reminder of the interconnectedness of all living things.

F. No Change

G. In fact,

H. On the other hand,

J. As a result,

(select answer below)

[1]

The monarch butterfly is an iconic species known for its striking orange and black wings and its incredible annual migration. However, it travels thousands of miles between North America and Mexico, making it one of nature’s most remarkable travelers. The migration spans multiple generations, with each butterfly contributing to a journey that has fascinated scientists and nature enthusiasts alike.

[2]

Despite its resilience, the monarch butterfly faces significant threats. Habitat destruction, pesticide use, and extreme weather have contributed to declining populations. Conservation groups and scientists are working to protect milkweed, the primary plant on which monarchs lay their eggs, as well as to establish safe migratory corridors.

[3]

Protecting monarch butterflies has additional ecological benefits. They play an essential role as pollinators, supporting ecosystems by helping plants reproduce which provides food sources for other species. Increasing public awareness about the importance of pollinators has led to widespread initiatives, including butterfly gardens, community planting projects, and educational campaigns.[*]

[4]

The monarch butterfly symbolizes the delicate balance between nature and human impact. Its survival depends on collective efforts to safeguard its habitat and migration routes, serving as a reminder of the interconnectedness of all living things.

A. No Change

B. Monarch populations have been experiencing difficulties during their migration due to various environmental factors.

C. Monarchs must adapt to new conditions caused by environmental changes that have been negatively impacting their habitats.

D. Monarch populations have been declining rapidly in recent years.

(select answer below)

[1]

The monarch butterfly is an iconic species known for its striking orange and black wings and its incredible annual migration. However, it travels thousands of miles between North America and Mexico, making it one of nature’s most remarkable travelers. The migration spans multiple generations, with each butterfly contributing to a journey that has fascinated scientists and nature enthusiasts alike.

[2]

Despite its resilience, the monarch butterfly faces significant threats. Habitat destruction, pesticide use, and extreme weather have contributed to declining populations. Conservation groups and scientists are working to protect milkweed, the primary plant on which monarchs lay their eggs, as well as to establish safe migratory corridors.

[3]

Protecting monarch butterflies has additional ecological benefits. They play an essential role as pollinators, supporting ecosystems by helping plants reproduce which provides food sources for other species. Increasing public awareness about the importance of pollinators has led to widespread initiatives, including butterfly gardens, community planting projects, and educational campaigns.[*]

[4]

The monarch butterfly symbolizes the delicate balance between nature and human impact. Its survival depends on collective efforts to safeguard its habitat and migration routes, serving as a reminder of the interconnectedness of all living things.

F. evidence supporting the need for habitat preservation for monarchs.

G. a connection between milkweed and the monarch butterfly’s migration.

H. a clear explanation of why milkweed is vital to monarch conservation efforts.

J. details about how monarch butterflies lay their eggs.

(select answer below)

[1]

The monarch butterfly is an iconic species known for its striking orange and black wings and its incredible annual migration. However, it travels thousands of miles between North America and Mexico, making it one of nature’s most remarkable travelers. The migration spans multiple generations, with each butterfly contributing to a journey that has fascinated scientists and nature enthusiasts alike.

[2]

Despite its resilience, the monarch butterfly faces significant threats. Habitat destruction, pesticide use, and extreme weather have contributed to declining populations. Conservation groups and scientists are working to protect milkweed, the primary plant on which monarchs lay their eggs, as well as to establish safe migratory corridors.

[3]

Protecting monarch butterflies has additional ecological benefits. They play an essential role as pollinators, supporting ecosystems by helping plants reproduce which provides food sources for other species. Increasing public awareness about the importance of pollinators has led to widespread initiatives, including butterfly gardens, community planting projects, and educational campaigns.[*]

[4]

The monarch butterfly symbolizes the delicate balance between nature and human impact. Its survival depends on collective efforts to safeguard its habitat and migration routes, serving as a reminder of the interconnectedness of all living things.

A. No Change

B. which helps other species.

C. assisting plants in reproduction and providing food sources for other species as the number of plants available increases.

D. helping plants reproduce and sustaining ecosystems.

(select answer below)

[1]

The monarch butterfly is an iconic species known for its striking orange and black wings and its incredible annual migration. However, it travels thousands of miles between North America and Mexico, making it one of nature’s most remarkable travelers. The migration spans multiple generations, with each butterfly contributing to a journey that has fascinated scientists and nature enthusiasts alike.

[2]

Despite its resilience, the monarch butterfly faces significant threats. Habitat destruction, pesticide use, and extreme weather have contributed to declining populations. Conservation groups and scientists are working to protect milkweed, the primary plant on which monarchs lay their eggs, as well as to establish safe migratory corridors.

[3]

Protecting monarch butterflies has additional ecological benefits. They play an essential role as pollinators, supporting ecosystems by helping plants reproduce which provides food sources for other species. Increasing public awareness about the importance of pollinators has led to widespread initiatives, including butterfly gardens, community planting projects, and educational campaigns.[*]

[4]

The monarch butterfly symbolizes the delicate balance between nature and human impact. Its survival depends on collective efforts to safeguard its habitat and migration routes, serving as a reminder of the interconnectedness of all living things.

F. These initiatives prove that butterflies are some of the most important creatures on Earth.

G. These efforts are giving people a way to save butterflies and their habitats.

H. Such initiatives highlight the importance of preserving biodiversity.

J. Efforts like these show how much people love butterflies and pollination.

(select answer below)

[1]

Four thousand years ago, Hammurabi, King of Babylon, commissioned the construction of an intricate city planning project designed to enhance the organization and efficiency of urban life. This endeavor marked a significant departure from earlier city layouts and reflected Mesopotamia’s burgeoning interest in governance and societal order. Babylonian cities, pivotal hubs of trade and culture, requires innovative urban designs that could accommodate growing populations and facilitate economic prosperity. A team of visionary architects and engineers lead Hammurabi’s ambitious project.

[2]

Drawing on their expertise in engineering and city management, the team members devised a groundbreaking urban plan centered around a massive ziggurat: a monumental stepped pyramid that served as the city’s spiritual and administrative core. Inside the ziggurat, a network of tunnels interconnected various chambers and passageways. At their apex stood a temple dedicated to the city’s patron deity overseeing daily rituals and civic affairs. Surrounding the ziggurat were carefully laid out residential quarters, each with access to clean water channels and communal spaces for social gatherings.

[3]

Inside the city walls, a network of paved streets connected markets, workshops, and administrative buildings, fostering commerce and cultural exchange. Babylonian engineers pioneered advanced irrigation systems that utilized canals to regulate the flow of water from the nearby Euphrates River, however, facilitating agricultural abundance and sustaining the city’s population. The engineer’s ingenuity was instrumental to the city’s ability to function and thrive.

[4]

Hammurabi’s innovative city planning project transformed Babylon into a model of urban efficiency and sophistication. The integration of residential, commercial, and religious spaces within a coherent framework allowed Babylon to thrive as a center of trade, culture, and governance. The advanced irrigation systems and well-planned infrastructure insure the city’s sustainability and prosperity. Hammurabi’s visionary project set a precedent for future urban development, highlighting the enduring legacy of Babylonian innovation and architectural brilliance.

A. No Change

B. layouts, reflecting

C. layouts, and it reflected

D. layouts that reflected

(select answer below)

[1]

Four thousand years ago, Hammurabi, King of Babylon, commissioned the construction of an intricate city planning project designed to enhance the organization and efficiency of urban life. This endeavor marked a significant departure from earlier city layouts and reflected Mesopotamia’s burgeoning interest in governance and societal order. Babylonian cities, pivotal hubs of trade and culture, requires innovative urban designs that could accommodate growing populations and facilitate economic prosperity. A team of visionary architects and engineers lead Hammurabi’s ambitious project.

[2]

Drawing on their expertise in engineering and city management, the team members devised a groundbreaking urban plan centered around a massive ziggurat: a monumental stepped pyramid that served as the city’s spiritual and administrative core. Inside the ziggurat, a network of tunnels interconnected various chambers and passageways. At their apex stood a temple dedicated to the city’s patron deity overseeing daily rituals and civic affairs. Surrounding the ziggurat were carefully laid out residential quarters, each with access to clean water channels and communal spaces for social gatherings.

[3]

Inside the city walls, a network of paved streets connected markets, workshops, and administrative buildings, fostering commerce and cultural exchange. Babylonian engineers pioneered advanced irrigation systems that utilized canals to regulate the flow of water from the nearby Euphrates River, however, facilitating agricultural abundance and sustaining the city’s population. The engineer’s ingenuity was instrumental to the city’s ability to function and thrive.

[4]

Hammurabi’s innovative city planning project transformed Babylon into a model of urban efficiency and sophistication. The integration of residential, commercial, and religious spaces within a coherent framework allowed Babylon to thrive as a center of trade, culture, and governance. The advanced irrigation systems and well-planned infrastructure insure the city’s sustainability and prosperity. Hammurabi’s visionary project set a precedent for future urban development, highlighting the enduring legacy of Babylonian innovation and architectural brilliance.

F. No Change

G. are requiring

H. require

J. required

(select answer below)

[1]

Four thousand years ago, Hammurabi, King of Babylon, commissioned the construction of an intricate city planning project designed to enhance the organization and efficiency of urban life. This endeavor marked a significant departure from earlier city layouts and reflected Mesopotamia’s burgeoning interest in governance and societal order. Babylonian cities, pivotal hubs of trade and culture, requires innovative urban designs that could accommodate growing populations and facilitate economic prosperity. A team of visionary architects and engineers lead Hammurabi’s ambitious project.

[2]

Drawing on their expertise in engineering and city management, the team members devised a groundbreaking urban plan centered around a massive ziggurat: a monumental stepped pyramid that served as the city’s spiritual and administrative core. Inside the ziggurat, a network of tunnels interconnected various chambers and passageways. At their apex stood a temple dedicated to the city’s patron deity overseeing daily rituals and civic affairs. Surrounding the ziggurat were carefully laid out residential quarters, each with access to clean water channels and communal spaces for social gatherings.

[3]

Inside the city walls, a network of paved streets connected markets, workshops, and administrative buildings, fostering commerce and cultural exchange. Babylonian engineers pioneered advanced irrigation systems that utilized canals to regulate the flow of water from the nearby Euphrates River, however, facilitating agricultural abundance and sustaining the city’s population. The engineer’s ingenuity was instrumental to the city’s ability to function and thrive.

[4]

Hammurabi’s innovative city planning project transformed Babylon into a model of urban efficiency and sophistication. The integration of residential, commercial, and religious spaces within a coherent framework allowed Babylon to thrive as a center of trade, culture, and governance. The advanced irrigation systems and well-planned infrastructure insure the city’s sustainability and prosperity. Hammurabi’s visionary project set a precedent for future urban development, highlighting the enduring legacy of Babylonian innovation and architectural brilliance.

A. No Change

B. leads

C. is leading

D. led

(select answer below)

[1]

Four thousand years ago, Hammurabi, King of Babylon, commissioned the construction of an intricate city planning project designed to enhance the organization and efficiency of urban life. This endeavor marked a significant departure from earlier city layouts and reflected Mesopotamia’s burgeoning interest in governance and societal order. Babylonian cities, pivotal hubs of trade and culture, requires innovative urban designs that could accommodate growing populations and facilitate economic prosperity. A team of visionary architects and engineers lead Hammurabi’s ambitious project.

[2]

Drawing on their expertise in engineering and city management, the team members devised a groundbreaking urban plan centered around a massive ziggurat: a monumental stepped pyramid that served as the city’s spiritual and administrative core. Inside the ziggurat, a network of tunnels interconnected various chambers and passageways. At their apex stood a temple dedicated to the city’s patron deity overseeing daily rituals and civic affairs. Surrounding the ziggurat were carefully laid out residential quarters, each with access to clean water channels and communal spaces for social gatherings.

[3]

Inside the city walls, a network of paved streets connected markets, workshops, and administrative buildings, fostering commerce and cultural exchange. Babylonian engineers pioneered advanced irrigation systems that utilized canals to regulate the flow of water from the nearby Euphrates River, however, facilitating agricultural abundance and sustaining the city’s population. The engineer’s ingenuity was instrumental to the city’s ability to function and thrive.

[4]

Hammurabi’s innovative city planning project transformed Babylon into a model of urban efficiency and sophistication. The integration of residential, commercial, and religious spaces within a coherent framework allowed Babylon to thrive as a center of trade, culture, and governance. The advanced irrigation systems and well-planned infrastructure insure the city’s sustainability and prosperity. Hammurabi’s visionary project set a precedent for future urban development, highlighting the enduring legacy of Babylonian innovation and architectural brilliance.

F. No Change

G. its

H. it’s

J. they’re

(select answer below)

[1]

Four thousand years ago, Hammurabi, King of Babylon, commissioned the construction of an intricate city planning project designed to enhance the organization and efficiency of urban life. This endeavor marked a significant departure from earlier city layouts and reflected Mesopotamia’s burgeoning interest in governance and societal order. Babylonian cities, pivotal hubs of trade and culture, requires innovative urban designs that could accommodate growing populations and facilitate economic prosperity. A team of visionary architects and engineers lead Hammurabi’s ambitious project.

[2]

Drawing on their expertise in engineering and city management, the team members devised a groundbreaking urban plan centered around a massive ziggurat: a monumental stepped pyramid that served as the city’s spiritual and administrative core. Inside the ziggurat, a network of tunnels interconnected various chambers and passageways. At their apex stood a temple dedicated to the city’s patron deity overseeing daily rituals and civic affairs. Surrounding the ziggurat were carefully laid out residential quarters, each with access to clean water channels and communal spaces for social gatherings.

[3]

Inside the city walls, a network of paved streets connected markets, workshops, and administrative buildings, fostering commerce and cultural exchange. Babylonian engineers pioneered advanced irrigation systems that utilized canals to regulate the flow of water from the nearby Euphrates River, however, facilitating agricultural abundance and sustaining the city’s population. The engineer’s ingenuity was instrumental to the city’s ability to function and thrive.

[4]

Hammurabi’s innovative city planning project transformed Babylon into a model of urban efficiency and sophistication. The integration of residential, commercial, and religious spaces within a coherent framework allowed Babylon to thrive as a center of trade, culture, and governance. The advanced irrigation systems and well-planned infrastructure insure the city’s sustainability and prosperity. Hammurabi’s visionary project set a precedent for future urban development, highlighting the enduring legacy of Babylonian innovation and architectural brilliance.

A. No Change

B. who oversaw

C. that oversaw

D. when they were overseeing

(select answer below)

[1]

Four thousand years ago, Hammurabi, King of Babylon, commissioned the construction of an intricate city planning project designed to enhance the organization and efficiency of urban life. This endeavor marked a significant departure from earlier city layouts and reflected Mesopotamia’s burgeoning interest in governance and societal order. Babylonian cities, pivotal hubs of trade and culture, requires innovative urban designs that could accommodate growing populations and facilitate economic prosperity. A team of visionary architects and engineers lead Hammurabi’s ambitious project.

[2]

Drawing on their expertise in engineering and city management, the team members devised a groundbreaking urban plan centered around a massive ziggurat: a monumental stepped pyramid that served as the city’s spiritual and administrative core. Inside the ziggurat, a network of tunnels interconnected various chambers and passageways. At their apex stood a temple dedicated to the city’s patron deity overseeing daily rituals and civic affairs. Surrounding the ziggurat were carefully laid out residential quarters, each with access to clean water channels and communal spaces for social gatherings.

[3]

Inside the city walls, a network of paved streets connected markets, workshops, and administrative buildings, fostering commerce and cultural exchange. Babylonian engineers pioneered advanced irrigation systems that utilized canals to regulate the flow of water from the nearby Euphrates River, however, facilitating agricultural abundance and sustaining the city’s population. The engineer’s ingenuity was instrumental to the city’s ability to function and thrive.

[4]

Hammurabi’s innovative city planning project transformed Babylon into a model of urban efficiency and sophistication. The integration of residential, commercial, and religious spaces within a coherent framework allowed Babylon to thrive as a center of trade, culture, and governance. The advanced irrigation systems and well-planned infrastructure insure the city’s sustainability and prosperity. Hammurabi’s visionary project set a precedent for future urban development, highlighting the enduring legacy of Babylonian innovation and architectural brilliance.

F. No Change

G. nevertheless,

H. regardless,

J. Delete the underlined portion.

(select answer below)

[1]

Four thousand years ago, Hammurabi, King of Babylon, commissioned the construction of an intricate city planning project designed to enhance the organization and efficiency of urban life. This endeavor marked a significant departure from earlier city layouts and reflected Mesopotamia’s burgeoning interest in governance and societal order. Babylonian cities, pivotal hubs of trade and culture, requires innovative urban designs that could accommodate growing populations and facilitate economic prosperity. A team of visionary architects and engineers lead Hammurabi’s ambitious project.

[2]

Drawing on their expertise in engineering and city management, the team members devised a groundbreaking urban plan centered around a massive ziggurat: a monumental stepped pyramid that served as the city’s spiritual and administrative core. Inside the ziggurat, a network of tunnels interconnected various chambers and passageways. At their apex stood a temple dedicated to the city’s patron deity overseeing daily rituals and civic affairs. Surrounding the ziggurat were carefully laid out residential quarters, each with access to clean water channels and communal spaces for social gatherings.

[3]

Inside the city walls, a network of paved streets connected markets, workshops, and administrative buildings, fostering commerce and cultural exchange. Babylonian engineers pioneered advanced irrigation systems that utilized canals to regulate the flow of water from the nearby Euphrates River, however, facilitating agricultural abundance and sustaining the city’s population. The engineer’s ingenuity was instrumental to the city’s ability to function and thrive.

[4]

Hammurabi’s innovative city planning project transformed Babylon into a model of urban efficiency and sophistication. The integration of residential, commercial, and religious spaces within a coherent framework allowed Babylon to thrive as a center of trade, culture, and governance. The advanced irrigation systems and well-planned infrastructure insure the city’s sustainability and prosperity. Hammurabi’s visionary project set a precedent for future urban development, highlighting the enduring legacy of Babylonian innovation and architectural brilliance.

A. No Change

B. engineering

C. engineers’

D. engineers

(select answer below)

[1]

Four thousand years ago, Hammurabi, King of Babylon, commissioned the construction of an intricate city planning project designed to enhance the organization and efficiency of urban life. This endeavor marked a significant departure from earlier city layouts and reflected Mesopotamia’s burgeoning interest in governance and societal order. Babylonian cities, pivotal hubs of trade and culture, requires innovative urban designs that could accommodate growing populations and facilitate economic prosperity. A team of visionary architects and engineers lead Hammurabi’s ambitious project.

[2]

Drawing on their expertise in engineering and city management, the team members devised a groundbreaking urban plan centered around a massive ziggurat: a monumental stepped pyramid that served as the city’s spiritual and administrative core. Inside the ziggurat, a network of tunnels interconnected various chambers and passageways. At their apex stood a temple dedicated to the city’s patron deity overseeing daily rituals and civic affairs. Surrounding the ziggurat were carefully laid out residential quarters, each with access to clean water channels and communal spaces for social gatherings.

[3]

Inside the city walls, a network of paved streets connected markets, workshops, and administrative buildings, fostering commerce and cultural exchange. Babylonian engineers pioneered advanced irrigation systems that utilized canals to regulate the flow of water from the nearby Euphrates River, however, facilitating agricultural abundance and sustaining the city’s population. The engineer’s ingenuity was instrumental to the city’s ability to function and thrive.

[4]

Hammurabi’s innovative city planning project transformed Babylon into a model of urban efficiency and sophistication. The integration of residential, commercial, and religious spaces within a coherent framework allowed Babylon to thrive as a center of trade, culture, and governance. The advanced irrigation systems and well-planned infrastructure insure the city’s sustainability and prosperity. Hammurabi’s visionary project set a precedent for future urban development, highlighting the enduring legacy of Babylonian innovation and architectural brilliance.

F. No Change

G. a contrasting

H. an unusual

J. a whimsical

(select answer below)

[1]

Four thousand years ago, Hammurabi, King of Babylon, commissioned the construction of an intricate city planning project designed to enhance the organization and efficiency of urban life. This endeavor marked a significant departure from earlier city layouts and reflected Mesopotamia’s burgeoning interest in governance and societal order. Babylonian cities, pivotal hubs of trade and culture, requires innovative urban designs that could accommodate growing populations and facilitate economic prosperity. A team of visionary architects and engineers lead Hammurabi’s ambitious project.

[2]

Drawing on their expertise in engineering and city management, the team members devised a groundbreaking urban plan centered around a massive ziggurat: a monumental stepped pyramid that served as the city’s spiritual and administrative core. Inside the ziggurat, a network of tunnels interconnected various chambers and passageways. At their apex stood a temple dedicated to the city’s patron deity overseeing daily rituals and civic affairs. Surrounding the ziggurat were carefully laid out residential quarters, each with access to clean water channels and communal spaces for social gatherings.

[3]

Inside the city walls, a network of paved streets connected markets, workshops, and administrative buildings, fostering commerce and cultural exchange. Babylonian engineers pioneered advanced irrigation systems that utilized canals to regulate the flow of water from the nearby Euphrates River, however, facilitating agricultural abundance and sustaining the city’s population. The engineer’s ingenuity was instrumental to the city’s ability to function and thrive.

[4]

Hammurabi’s innovative city planning project transformed Babylon into a model of urban efficiency and sophistication. The integration of residential, commercial, and religious spaces within a coherent framework allowed Babylon to thrive as a center of trade, culture, and governance. The advanced irrigation systems and well-planned infrastructure insure the city’s sustainability and prosperity. Hammurabi’s visionary project set a precedent for future urban development, highlighting the enduring legacy of Babylonian innovation and architectural brilliance.

A. No Change

B. insured

C. ensure

D. ensured

(select answer below)

[1]

Four thousand years ago, Hammurabi, King of Babylon, commissioned the construction of an intricate city planning project designed to enhance the organization and efficiency of urban life. This endeavor marked a significant departure from earlier city layouts and reflected Mesopotamia’s burgeoning interest in governance and societal order. Babylonian cities, pivotal hubs of trade and culture, requires innovative urban designs that could accommodate growing populations and facilitate economic prosperity. A team of visionary architects and engineers lead Hammurabi’s ambitious project.

[2]

Drawing on their expertise in engineering and city management, the team members devised a groundbreaking urban plan centered around a massive ziggurat: a monumental stepped pyramid that served as the city’s spiritual and administrative core. Inside the ziggurat, a network of tunnels interconnected various chambers and passageways. At their apex stood a temple dedicated to the city’s patron deity overseeing daily rituals and civic affairs. Surrounding the ziggurat were carefully laid out residential quarters, each with access to clean water channels and communal spaces for social gatherings.

[3]

Inside the city walls, a network of paved streets connected markets, workshops, and administrative buildings, fostering commerce and cultural exchange. Babylonian engineers pioneered advanced irrigation systems that utilized canals to regulate the flow of water from the nearby Euphrates River, however, facilitating agricultural abundance and sustaining the city’s population. The engineer’s ingenuity was instrumental to the city’s ability to function and thrive.

[4]

Hammurabi’s innovative city planning project transformed Babylon into a model of urban efficiency and sophistication. The integration of residential, commercial, and religious spaces within a coherent framework allowed Babylon to thrive as a center of trade, culture, and governance. The advanced irrigation systems and well-planned infrastructure insure the city’s sustainability and prosperity. Hammurabi’s visionary project set a precedent for future urban development, highlighting the enduring legacy of Babylonian innovation and architectural brilliance.

F. No Change

G. built on centuries of Mesopotamian architectural knowledge

H. brought a small-scale model to life

J. emphasized the cultural impact of their architectural advancements

(select answer below)